1. Occupational Segregation and the Devaluation of Women’s Work across U
Occupational Segregation and the Devaluation of Women’s Work across U.S. Labor Markets
Cohen and Huffman 2003

2. The Gender Pay Gap
The differential distribution of women and men across jobs and occupations that vary with respect to pay
Within-job pay differences
Determination of rewards

3. Hypothesis
The negative association between female representation in a job and average wages will be especially pronounced when gender segregation in the broader labor market is high.
Devaluation— lower wages in female-dominated jobs

4. Labor Markets
Macro-level labor markets, local labor markets, and work establishments
Reaching influences of sex segregation
Male benefits of inequality

5. Analysis National Organization Study (1991 GSS)
1990 Census Bureau’s STF3C
Hierarchical linear model (Bryk & Raudenbush 1992)

6. Findings
Labor market integration and gender devaluation have a bivariate relationship
More integrated labor markets produce less gender devaluation,
supports the author’s core hypothesis
When markets are segregated by gender, they are more likely to devalue women’s work
“not only does segregation constitute the basis for devaluation by establishing gender-specific work roles, but it also strengthens the tendency for women’s jobs to be paid less than comparable jobs performed by men” (p. 900).

9. Conclusion
Gender segregated labor markets are systemically designed to devalue women’s work.
Men benefit from this systematic devaluation, and continue to earn more for similar work.
Occupationally segregated local labor markets contribute to gendered devaluation, shifting oppressive forces from an individual’s gender itself and on to the systems created and employed that maintain this inequitable design.

10. Indulging Our Gendered Selves
Indulging Our Gendered Selves? Sex Segregation by Field of Study in 44 Countries.
Charles and Bradley 2009

11. Why is there sex segregations amongst fields of study?
Gender-essentialist ideology and self-expressive value systems
Self-fulfilling prohecy
Diversification and consolidation of gender specific niches in higher education
The growth for “female-demanding” occupations following postindustrialization

12. Exploratory research interested in…
The overall effects on sex segregation of nine macrolevel covariates for 44 countries and territories.
Interactive effects of self-expressive value systems found in covariate patterns between advanced/industrial and developing/transitional societies.
How the effects of gendered curriculum, economic development and tertiary diversification vary between these societies.

13. Analysis
“International data and log-linear methodology to model cross-national variability in sex segregation by field of study as a function of cultural gender beliefs (i.e., gender gaps in reported affinity toward mathematics) and macrolevel features of educational systems, economies, and labor markets” (p 296).
They used data from 44 industrial, transitional, and developing countries and territories that displayed significant variability in regards to predictors of interest for choosing a field of study.
They not that their study is more inclusive and previous studies by not just focusing on industrialized societies.

14. Analysis Continued
The societies included in this study all participated in the 1995 or 1999 Trends in International Math and Science Surveys (TIMSS) and had published information on gender distributions across fields of study from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Consolidated field of study categories which included: engineering, mathematics and natural sciences, humanities and social sciences, and health/other.
Labor force data was taken from the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations.
Per capita GDP information was taken from the 1990 United Nations Development Programme.
They then analyzed their data using a series of multivariance analysis.

15. Cross-National Differences

16. Economic Development and Female Representation

17. Economic Development and Female Representation

18. Major Findings
The more industrialized countries had more sex segregation amongst field of study than less industrialized countries.
As per capita GDP increases, so does sex segregation.
Postindustrial labor markets and modern educational systems support this type of sex segregation.
To illustrate, when there are more jobs/higher job diversity, women may be less likely to pursue math and science-oriented professions than those who would have limited options.

19. Conclusion
Although there is greater overall educational equality among men and women, the field of study variances lend support to the notions of “different but equal,” and “separate but equal.”
Neither of these sentiments truly encapsulate equality.
Societal ideologies reinforce the gendered self-expression that contributes to these differences.
These patterns of sex segregation will continue as long as gendered norms are culturally reinforced.