1. ETHICS - Theme 4: Determinism and Free Will

2. By the end of today’s lesson you will:
Understand what Augustine meant by ‘predestination’ in his ‘Doctrine of Original Sin’.
Be able to define the following key terms:
Predestination
Original sin
Concupiscence
Massa peccati
Liberium arbitrium
God’s grace
The elect
Reprobates
Skills Focus
- AO1 – knowledge and understanding
- Specialist language and vocabulary

3. Spec Check – Component 3: Ethics Theme 4: Determinism and Free Will
AO1 – Knowledge and Understanding
AO2 – Issues for Analysis and Evaluation
A: Religious concepts of predestination, with reference to the teachings of:
St Augustine:
Doctrine of Original Sin: role of concupiscence, humanity as "a lump of sin" (massa peccati), an essentially 'free' human nature (liberium abitrium), the loss of human liberty (libertas) to our sinful nature, God's grace and atonement for the elect / saints.
John Calvin:
Doctrine of Election: the absolute power of God, the corrupted nature of humans, the Elect and the Reprobates, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace and perseverance of the elect.
A consideration of whether religious believers should accept predestination.
The extent to which God predestines humanity.

4. Starter – Show your hand!
Completely disagree
Completely agree
The things that happen in my life are the result of random chance.
As long as I believe I have free will it doesn’t actually matter if I do or not.
My behaviour is entirely determined by my upbringing, societal influences and genetics.
I cannot be morally responsible for the things I do if I do not have free will.
The ‘choices’ that I make have been determined by a higher force or power that some may call ‘God’ or the ‘Devil’.

5. Determinism and Free Will
What is ‘DETERMINISM’?
What is ‘FREE WILL’?
What are the implications of the above on moral responsibility / religious belief?

6. Predestination
Look at the picture. What do you think PREDESTINATION is?
The belief that GOD has already decided what will happen in all things, including human actions.
This includes God having determined who will be ‘saved’ / receive salvation.
Predestination is a form of religious determinism.
Q: What are the implications of predestination on free will, moral responsibility and religious belief?

7. St Augustine - Predestination
In your essays, you have to be able to make ‘connections’ across topics studied.
Where have you come across Augustine before?
How does this connect to predestination?

8. St Augustine - Predestination
Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430 CE) was one of the most influential early Christian theologians.
Augustine’s theological view on predestination started when he reacted angrily to the teachings of Pelagius ( CE), a Celtic monk.
Pelagius believed in free will.
This horrified Augustine who argued that belief in free will challenged God’s omnipotence.
Q: How does belief in free will challenge God’s omnipotence?

9. St Augustine - Predestination
On behalf of the Roman Catholic Church, Augustine developed an official response to Pelagius’ free will theology.
It was called the Doctrine of Original Sin, which included the theory of predestination.
Task: Read the information on the Augustine’s ‘Doctrine of Original Sin’ on pages 6-8 of the Eduqas textbook.

10. St Augustine - Predestination
Answer these questions verbally with your ‘elbow buddy’:
What theological term refers to the sin of Adam of Eve that all humans are born with?
How did the sin of Adam and Eve impact human nature?
What term means a string desire for earthly pleasures?
How do humans inherit original sin?
What does ‘massa peccati’ mean?
What part of human nature is ‘free’?
If part of human nature is free, how come humans cannot make free will decisions?
What does Augustine call those whom, through God’s grace, receive salvation?
What does Augustine call those whom are predestined for eternal damnation?
According to Augustine’s theology, who was Jesus’ atonement for?

11. St Augustine - Predestination
QUIZ-QUIZ-TRADE
What theological term refers to the sin of Adam of Eve that all humans are born with?
How did the sin of Adam and Eve impact human nature?
What term means a string desire for earthly pleasures?
How do humans inherit original sin?
What does ‘massa peccati’ mean?
What part of human nature is ‘free’?
If part of human nature is free, how come humans cannot make free will decisions?
What does Augustine call those whom, through God’s grace, receive salvation?
What does Augustine call those whom are predestined for eternal damnation?
According to Augustine’s theology, who was Jesus’ atonement for?

12. St Augustine – Key Quotes
Augustine’s theology on predestination is based on Biblical scriptures:
“The potter has authority over the clay from the same lump to make one vessel for honour and another for contempt.” (Romans 9:21)
(Augustine used this passage one of his sermons: Sermon 26:12-13)
“Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned.” (Romans 5:12)
Q: How do these quotes from Augustine fit in with his theology on predestination?
“All humans were seminally present in the loins of Adam.”
“Our will can merely do evil and desire evil.”
“It is unthinkable that He [Jesus] should deliberately have shed his blood for hell- dwellers-to-be.”

13. AO1 Write Up Explain Augustine’s concept of predestination. [20 marks]
PEEL
Point – make a point
Explain – explain that point
Evidence /examples – provide evidence / examples to support the point. (Scholars ideas/quotes/analogies are good to use here)
Link – link to the question and the paragraph which follows
You must mention:
The doctrine of original sin
Concupiscence
Massa peccati
Liberium arbitrium
God’s grace
Atonement
The elect
Reprobates

14. Learning Check … By the end of today’s lesson you will:
Understand what Augustine meant by ‘predestination’ in his ‘Doctrine of Original Sin’.
Be able to define the following key terms:
Predestination
Original sin
Concupiscence
Massa peccati
Liberium arbitrium
God’s grace
The elect
Reprobates

15. By the end of today’s lesson you will:
Understand what Calvin meant by ‘predestination’ in his ‘Doctrine of Election’.
Know the five points of Calvinism as summarised by the Synod of Dort.
Be able to define the following key terms:
Sovereignty
Depravity
Atonement
Apostasy
Reprobates
The Elect
Sola scriptura
Skills Focus
- AO1 – knowledge and understanding
- Specialist language and vocabulary

16. Spec Check – Component 3: Ethics Theme 4: Determinism and Free Will
AO1 – Knowledge and Understanding
AO2 – Issues for Analysis and Evaluation
A: Religious concepts of predestination, with reference to the teachings of:
St Augustine:
Doctrine of Original Sin: role of concupiscence, humanity as "a lump of sin" (massa peccati), an essentially 'free' human nature (liberium abitrium), the loss of human liberty (libertas) to our sinful nature, God's grace and atonement for the elect / saints.
John Calvin:
Doctrine of Election: the absolute power of God, the corrupted nature of humans, the Elect and the Reprobates, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace and perseverance of the elect.
A consideration of whether religious believers should accept predestination.
The extent to which God predestines humanity.

17. Starter
In teams, write down as many words/ideas as you can remember in relation to Augustine's teaching on predestination.
You have 2 minutes … go!
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18. John Calvin - Predestination
Calvin’s ( ) predestination theory became known as ‘The Doctrine of Election’ (a.k.a. ‘The Doctrine of the Living Saints’).
Task: Read the top of p11 in your workbook and answer the first 4 questions.

19. John Calvin - Predestination
In what ways are Calvin’s views similar to those of Augustine?
Predestination, Elect etc
What does ‘sovereignty’ mean?
God is the supreme authority.
Nothing happens apart from the will of God.
 What does ‘depravity’ mean? 
Moral corruption, inherently wicked/corrupt
If one accepts Calvin’s views, what do humans not have?
Free will

20. John Calvin - Predestination
Task: Read the next section of information on Calvin in your workbook and answer questions 5-8.

21. John Calvin - Predestination
Why does God’s grace have to be impossible to resist?
As God has total sovereignty.
What does Calvin mean by ‘The Reprobates’?
 Those predestined for eternal damnation.
Calvin believed that the reprobates were likely to show traits of why they will go to hell – e.g. laziness, alcoholism etc.
What does ‘apostasy’ mean?
 To give up one’s faith.

22. John Calvin - Predestination
What are the implications of Calvin’s views for ethics/morality?
Your behaviour cannot influence your salvation / damnation.
If God has predestined you to be a reprobate, living a good life will make no difference – you are born totally depraved and if God has chosen not to give you grace, tough!
Behaviour is not important.

23. John Calvin – Sola Scriptura
Calvin wished his Doctrine of Election to be ‘sola scriptura’. What does this mean?
Latin for ‘scripture alone’.
The Bible is the primary and infallible source for all doctrine and practice.

24. John Calvin – Sola Scriptura
Calvin highlighted several Bible passages to support his theology on predestination.
For those God foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son … And those he predestined, he also called; those he called, he also justified; those he justified, he also glorified. (Romans 8:29-30)
For he chose us in him before the creation of the world to be holy and blameless in his sight. In love he predestined us for adoption to sonship through Jesus Christ, in accordance with his pleasure and will. (Ephesians 1:4-5)
For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God. (Ephesians 2:8)

25. The Synod of Dort
Several years after his Calvin’s death his supporters (Calvinists) summed up his Doctrine of Election into five points at the Synod of Dort (1619).
To help you remember them, use the acronym TULIP.
Read p11 of the Eduqas book and complete the ‘TULIP’ table of the five points of belief in your workbook (p12).

27. John Calvin - Predestination
Watch this satirical clip about Calvinism and Hitler:
Calvinism

28. AO1 Write Up Explain Calvin’s concept of predestination. [20 marks]
PEEL
Point – make a point
Explain – explain that point
Evidence /examples – provide evidence / examples to support the point. (Scholars ideas/quotes/analogies are good to use here)
Link – link to the question and the paragraph which follows
You must mention:
The Doctrine of Election
The sovereignty of God
Sola scriptura
The Elect and the reprobates
The Synod of Dort - TULIP

29. Plenary
Complete the predestination crossword in your workbook.

30. Learning Check … By the end of today’s lesson you will:
Understand what Augustine meant by ‘predestination’ in his ‘Doctrine of Election’.
Know the five points of Calvinism as summarised by the Synod of Dort.
Be able to define the following key terms:
Sovereignty
Depravity
Atonement
Apostasy
Reprobates
The Elect
Sola scriptura