1. Ancient Civilizations
Egypt
Ancient Civilizations

2. Historical Overview
Ancient Egypt was the birthplace of one of the World’s greatest civilizations.
Located in the northeast corner of Africa, Egypt grew to be an important civilization for over three hundred years because of the Nile River.
Egypt was originally divided into two kingdoms: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.

3. Pharaoh
Pharaoh was believed by the Egyptians to be the supreme ruler chosen by the gods to lead his people. They believed that when a man became a pharaoh, he also became a god. To keep the bloodline of the gods pure, pharaohs often married their sisters, mothers, and cousins.

4. Major Time Periods of Egypt
The Old Kingdom
When the pharaohs built
the pyramids
The Middle Kingdom
When training and military explorers were sent out to expand Egypt’s boundaries
The New Kingdom
Ending with Queen Cleopatra losing her land to Augustus Caesar and Rome

5. Achievements Pyramids
There were about 80 along the banks of the Nile River.
The largest is the Great Pyramid, built by King Khufu in about 2600 B.C.
It stands about 481 feet high and covers 13 acres.
The pyramids functioned as huge burial tombs for the Egyptians’ dead pharaohs and queens.

6. Achievements Ship-building
They used the Nile River like a highway to transport people and goods to foreign lands.
The first ships were made out of bundles of papyrus reeds tied together to make a canoe-like vessel.
As the ship trade flourished, the hulls of the ships were made of cedar, and oars and sails were added for greater speed

7. Achievements Hieroglyphics
These were pictures and symbols that served as one of the first written languages in the world.
Calendar
Calendars were developed in 4241 B.C. with 365 days in a year.
It was based on the flooding of the Nile River.
New Years was on June 1, not January 1!

8. Daily Life of Workers
The poor worked long hours for goods that they could exchange in the marketplace for the products they needed.
Agriculture was a major trade and many workers were farmers.
Boys learned a trade from their fathers, and girls were taught to care for the home and family by their mothers.
Women and girls wore straight, sheath-like dresses of rough, unbleached linen.

9. Daily Life of Workers Men and boys wore short cloth kilts.
Their homes were usually one-story made out of sun-dried brick. There would be a basement and four rooms. They had little furniture. Stairs led to the flat rooftop so that the family could enjoy the cool night air after the sun went down.

10. Daily life of the Wealthy
Men were busy all day as merchants, trading along the Nile River.
Others supervised the daily workings of gigantic farms.
Many of the wealthiest and most powerful men in Egypt were priests.
Boys were taught to read and write.
Women could own land, run businesses, testify in court, and bring charges against men.
Women oversaw the running of the households and gave the servants instructions for daily menus and child care.
Children were allowed much playtime. Girls practiced singing and dancing. Boys wrestled and played army.

11. Daily life of the Wealthy
Women and girls wore straight dresses of beautiful lined and a lot of jewelry. At parties, they wore cones of incense on their heads that melted slowly giving off a pleasant smell.
Men and boys wore linen kilts
Both men and women wore eye make-up made from black ashes.
Their homes were brick and wood containing many rooms, as well as a walled garden and a shrine for a favorite god.

12. Life after Death
The ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife of beauty, peace, and contentment.
Since most of their lives were filled with hard work, they looked forward to death as a release from this lifetime.
They believed their souls would need to use their bodies again, so the Egyptians invented a process to embalm their bodies called mummification.
Wealthy could afford better mummification than the poor

13. Painting and Sculpture
Egyptians reached a highly advanced level of sculpture. Beautiful figures sculpted from wood, ivory, bronze, gold, and turquoise have been found in tombs.
One of the most famous sculptures in the world is the head of Queen Nefertiti.
Another famous work of art is the Great Sphinx, a huge statue of a man’s head on a lion’s body, which guards the pyramids near Giza.
Does anyone have any questions or comments before we move on?

14. How Did the Nile River Shape Ancient Egypt?
Ancient Egypt DBQ
You will be analyzing a series of sources.
You MUST take notes during this process.
At the end, you will complete a DBQ Visual Assessment answering the question:
How Did the Nile River Shape Ancient Egypt?

15. First, lets examine the title
How Did the Nile River Shape Ancient Egypt? Using the title as guidance, what does shape mean? What does ancient mean?

16. Next
Read the background essay. Be sure to annotate the reading. When you are done reading and annotating, answer the 6 questions on the next page.

17. Background Essay Questions:
Name four important river valley civilizations of the ancient world?
List two or three pairs of contrasts that describe ancient Egypt
What are two of the sources of the Nile?
How did the flooding cycle provide a seasonal rhythm for the Egyptian people?
Why was sand a health threat for Egyptians?
Define these terms:
Black Land
Red Land
Tributaries
Papyrus
Irrigation