1. COLOMBIA Rustam Saidrakhmonov 137333

2. COLOMBIA
With an estimated 49 million people in 2017, Colombia is the third- most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.
It is also home to the third-largest number of Spanish speakers in the world after Mexico and the United States.
More than 99.2% of Colombians speak Spanish, also called Castilian; 65% Amerindian languages, 2%Creole languages, the Romani language and Colombian Sign Language are also spoken in the country.
It is 26th largest nation in the world with a total area of 1,138,910 square kilometers.
About 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism). Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion, and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Buddhism.

5. HISTORICAL OF COLOMBIA
The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of Christopher Columbus
For thousands of years before Europeans arrived Amerindians lived in what is now Colombia. Some lived by fishing and hunting but some lived by farming. The first Spaniard to land in the area was Alonso de Ojeda in 1500.
However there was no permanent Spanish settlement until 1533 when Cartagena and Santa Marta were founded. Bogota was founded in In Colombia was made a captaincy-general. The colony thrived and many African slaves were taken there.
in 1808 Napoleon made his brother king of Spain but many people in the Spanish colonies refused to accept the new king. In 1810 most of Colombia declared independence. It did not last long. Spaniards reconquered the area in
Yet in 1819 Simon Bolivar defeated the Spaniards at the battle of Boyacá. Subsequently a new nation was formed consisting of Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador. The new nation was called the Republic of Colombia.

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However regional differences caused the new country to break up. Bolivar became dictator in 1828 but he resigned in 1830 and Colombia (including what is now Panama) became separate from Ecuador and Venezuela.
Colombia was a troubled country and 8 civil wars took place during the 19th century. Furthermore by 1849 there were 2 political parties, one conservative, representing the landowners and the Catholic Church, the other liberal, representing the merchants and craftsmen. Political instability continued through the late 19th century and in 1899 a terrible civil war called the War of a Thousand Days was fought. Then in 1903 Panama broke away and became an independent nation.
In the early 20th century Colombia was, generally peaceful and the economy developed. Exports of coffee increased.

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Colombia had always been dangerously divided into liberals and conservatives but the assassination of liberal politician Jorge Eliecer Gaitan on 9 April 1948 was the spark that lit the fire. The army was on the side of the conservatives and in 1953 General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla became dictator.
in 1957 Rojas stepped down and the two parties, Liberal and Conservative agreed to share power. Between 1957 and 1974 they presidency alternated between them.
However in the 1960s left wing guerrillas began operating in Colombia. Then in the 1970s cocaine production in Colombia increased and it continued to increase in the 1980s. The drug trade led to a great deal of violence. Meanwhile in the early 1980s Colombia was hit by a severe recession.
Yet in the early 21st century the situation in Colombia improved. Violence in Colombia declined after Furthermore the Colombian economy grew rapidly and poverty and unemployment declined. Colombia, like the rest of the world, suffered in the recession of 2009 but the economy recovered. Also tourism in Colombia is growing . Today Colombia is developing rapidly.

8. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
The government of Colombia takes place within the framework of a presidential participatory democratic republic as established in the Constitution of In accordance with the principle of separation of powers, government is divided into three branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.
As the head of the executive branch, the President of Colombia serves as both head of state and head of government, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers. The president is elected by popular vote to serve four-year term (In 2015, Colombia's Congress approved the repeal of a 2004 constitutional amendment that eliminated the one-term limit for presidents).
The legislative branch of government is represented nationally by the Congress, a bicameral institution comprising a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives and a 102-seat Senate. Number of Women representatives in Chamber: 33

9. President of Colombia-Huan Manual Santos

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The foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President, as head of state, and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Colombia has diplomatic missions in all continents.
Colombia was one of the 4 founding members of the Pacific Alliance, which is a political, economic and co-operative integration mechanism that promotes the free circulation of goods, services, capital and persons between the members, as well as a common stock exchange and joint embassies in several countries.
Colombia is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Union of South American Nations and the Andean Community of Nations.] Colombia is a global partner of NATO.
Colombia is the 90 least corrupt nation out of 175 countries, according to the 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index reported by Transparency International.

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There was 48 thousand of government officials were being investigated for corruption in Colombia. These government officials included 800 mayors and 30 governors.

14. ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT
Advantages: almost autonomous in energy supply due to oil and coal reserves, as well as hydroelectric power stations. A healthy, diversified economy is focused on exports, primarily coffee and coal.
Weaknesses: drug trafficking, corruption and political instability scare off investors. Industry is not competitive. High unemployment (in %). Fluctuations in world market prices for coffee. Foreign policy problems due to the export of cocaine.
GDP per capita in ,1 thousand dollars (110th place in the world). Below the poverty level - 47% of the population (in 2008). Unemployment - 12% (in 2009).
According to the World Bank, Colombia's GDP per capita in amounted to 7,751 dollars (75th place in the world). At the same time, the total GDP amounted to billion US dollars, which allowed Colombia to take the 25th place in the world.

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Colombia has large reserves of minerals, concentrated mainly in the mountainous areas of the Andes. The country produces gold, silver, platinum, emeralds (90% of world production), coal (33+ million tons / year), oil (19 million tons / year), natural gas. Developed deposits of copper, mercury, lead. The deposits of uranium are known, but have not been developed (at least officially).
Export billion dollars (in 2008) - oil products, coffee, coal, nickel, emeralds, clothes, bananas, floriculture products.
The main buyers are the USA 38%, Venezuela 16.2%, Ecuador 4%
Imports billion dollars (in 2008) - industrial equipment, vehicles, consumer goods, chemicals, fuel.
The main suppliers are USA 29.2%, China 11.5%, Mexico 7.9%, Brazil 5.9%.

17. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
The adult literacy rate for both sexes in Colombia is 93.2% and the mean years of schooling of adults is 7.3 (UNDP, 2011). From the listed data showed that the majority of male and female Colombians do have access to education. Also, the adult literacy rate is quite high in such a developing country.

18. Compare with the past few years, there is substantial improvement of the living environment of average Colombians. Also, according to the latest data from World Bank, there is a steady decline of poverty in Colombia from 47.4 percent of population in 2004 to 37.2% in (World Bank, 2011).

19. While there is an improvement of Colombia's overall poverty, different regions and socioeconomic groups in Colombia still experience disparities in income, wealth, and living standards. From the data of Human Development Report 2011, 5.4 percent of the population in Colombia suffering from multiple deprivations and a 6.4 percent of the population are vulnerable to multiple deprivations in Colombia.
The intensity of deprivation experienced by Colombians in multidimensional poverty is 40.9 percent (UNDP, 2011). Also, 16 Percent of the population living below the international poverty line $1.25 (in purchasing power parity terms) a day (UNDP,2011).

21. In rural areas and urban areas, the proportion of indigents and poor among the black population is obviously higher than the white- mestizo population. In Colombia, the poverty level for blacks is relatively high. For the Afro-descendants, they do not have sufficient income to satisfy their basic needs and it is a fact that more than 60 percent of these people are living in poverty.
Poverty and racial inequality is also related on hunger in Colombia. The Afro-Colombians always go hungry one or more times during the week as they do not have adequate income to fulfill their basic needs. Around 15 percent of Afro-Colombians had gone hungry, the rate that is more than double than the incidence of hunger of mestizos.

22. Mortality rate

23. What is the future of Colombia?
The historic peace treaty concluded last year between the authorities and the "Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia" seems to end the civil conflict that lasted more than half a century in this country. More than 200 thousand people became victims of it, about 7 million more were forced to leave their homes.
Speaking of economic development, cocaine trafficking is a huge problem for Colombia. Colombia is the largest exporter of cocaine in the world ...
Colombia should provide an alternative to the peasants and people who live in conflict areas, it is necessary to build roads, schools, hospitals.