1. 19.1 Mirrors Ray digram Angle of incidence= angle of reflection
Flat plane
Produces virtual image (copy)

2. Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
Inside curved surface is reflecting surface
Real image or virtual image formed
Real image is copy formed at point where light rays met mirror
Convex Mirror
Outside curved surface is reflecting surface
Cause light rays spread out/ diverge only make virtual images

3. 19.2 Lenses
C=3x108 m/s
Light enters diff. medium at angle caused light to refract (bend)
Total internal reflection- complete reflection of light ray back to its original medium
Materials with small critical angles will have more light entering them and cause them to be totally internally reflected (ex diamond’s shine)

4. Concave lenses Convex lenses Cause light rays to spread out
Only make virtual images (see figure 7)
Convex lenses
Can form virtual or real images (See figure 9)

5. 19.3 Optical Instruments Cameras Telescopes Microscopes
Light rays enter opening, focused by lens/opening, and form image on film
Pinhole camera makes upside-down real image
Film camera/ digital camera
Telescopes
Reflecting: uses mirrors and convex lenses
Refracting: uses convex lenses only to focus light
Microscopes
Compound microscope uses convex lens to magnify
Lens makes upside-down image, eyepiece flips image

6. 19.4 The Eye and Vision Cornea- focus light entering
Pupil- allows light in
Iris- colored part
Lens- convex lens focuses
Retina- focused/ refracted light collects in this inner surface
Rods- sense low light intensity
Cones- sensitive to color
Figure 17

7. Vision Problems
Nearsightedness: ¼ of people have; rays of light focus before reaching the retina causing objects in the distance to be blurry
Farsightedness: nearby objects appear fuzzy; caused by cornea not curved enough or shot eyeball
Astigmatism: objects at any distance are blurry; cornea or lens is miss-shaped