1. Survey Through the Kingdoms
Looking at examples of the life processes in bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals

2. Nutrition in simple organisms
Protists:
Bacteria
Exhibit all three modes of nutrition
Photosynthesis or autotrophy
Ingestion or heterotrophy
Absorption.
Exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
Use chemosynthesis: the production of carbohydrates through the use of energy from inorganic molecules.
Bacteria are also decomposers—feeding on dead and decaying matter

3. Nutrition in Fungi Each phyla gets their nutrients in different ways:
Saprophytic/decomposers
Parasitic
The fungi take in the nutrients after externally digesting the substance with enzymes and then absorbing those nutrients.
These are crucial to cycling matter in the environment (carbon cycle).

4. Nutrition in Plants
Use a process called photosynthesis to make their own food.
Plants, as well as a few protists (euglena/algae) and some bacteria make their own food by this above process.
Autotrophic organisms have a special adaptation (specialized pigment) called, chlorophyll which allows them to capture the energy from the sun, converting this radiant energy into chemical energy, glucose.

5. Nutrition in Animals
Animals are heterotophic, which means that they must obtain food (complex organic molecules) from other sources.
Most animals obtain this by ingestion--An animal taking in organic material.
Digestion occurs within (ingestive) the animal’s body, and carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and other organic molecules are extracted from the material or cells.

6. Nutrition in Animals Herbivores: Animals that eat mainly vegetation
Includes leaves, grass, flowers, seeds, roots, fruits, bark, pollen
Carnivores: Animals that eat meat
Includes insects and all other animals.
Omnivores: Animals that can eat both plants and animals

7. Nutrition in Animals
Detrivores: Animals that consumes or feeds on dead or decaying organisms or on the parts or wastes of other organisms.

8. Activity 1: feeding adaptations
Key Vocabulary—Use for the following slides :
Autotroph
Carnivore
Heterotroph
Herbivore
Omnivore
Producer
Saprophytes
Consumer
Parasites
Detrivore
Decomposer
Chemoheterotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Internally breaks down and absorbs nutrients
Ingestive
Uses enzymes to breakdown organism before obtaining nutrients
Absorptive
Digestion

9. Activity 2
Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis:

10. Activity 3
Draw a carbon cycle. On your picture include the atmosphere, fungi on a bed of dead leaves, living plants and 1 animal or human.
Draw arrows to show the flow of carbon through the cycle.
Label on the picture where each of the following processes is occurring: eating, decomposition, cell respiration, photosynthesis. Color the autotrophs green and the heterotrophs blue.

11. Activity 4 List 4 herbivores and what they eat
List 4 carnivores and what they eat
List 4 ominvores and what they eat.
Of all the organisms brainstormed above, pick 5 that live in a similar environment (forest, ocean, jungle, etc) and create a food web/chain to illustrate who eats who. (see examples)
Food web
Food chain

12. Activity 5
Construct a 4 part Venn diagram comparing/contrasting fungi, protists, plants and animals.
Focus on the modes of nutrition
Use vocabulary from the first slide of this section.
Plant
Animal
Fungi
Protists

13. Activity 6 1. Write the equation for cellular respiration
2. Where does this occur?
3. What type of organisms do this process?

14. Respiration in organisms on Land
Many organisms have small respiratory systems with lungs.
Lungs are elastic, sponge-like organs that exchange gases between body tissues and the air.
Alveoli are tiny balloon-shaped sacs that diffuse the air from the lungs to the capillaries (simple diffusion)
Carbon dioxide is returned to atmosphere through exhale

15. Respiration in organisms in Water
Most aquatic animals use gills for respiration.
Gills: Specialized tissues containing blood vessels that take in oxygen dissolved in water
Fish take in water through their mouth, then the water flows over the fish’s gills and the blood vessels take the oxygen out of the water. (Diffusion)
At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood vessels is released into water as it flows out. (Diffusion)
Can be difficult and water can have low levels of oxygen
Unique gill adaptations:
Mollusks: Gills are located in central body cavity and water is pumped through there—Examples: Clams and mussels
Crustaceans: Gills are located on legs and as they walk, water moved over the gills—Examples: Lobsters and crabs

16. Respiration in Amphibians
Amphibians spend part of their life completely under water and then the other part, they live in the water and on land.
Frogs live in the water as a tadpole (young) and eventually show complete metamorphosis and live in both places as an adult frog.
As a tadpole, they use gills and move to create movement of water past the lungs
As an adult, they create thin lungs that are connected to the mouth
Frogs also use their skin to diffuse gases into their body.

17. Respiration Using Skin
Several animals exchange gases for respiration using their skin, like a frog
Organisms that use skin:
Are usually thick-skinned
Are fairly small
Skin must stay moist to exchange the gases
Examples:
Earthworms (Annelids or segmented worms): Secrete mucus and live in moist soil to keep skin moist
Arthropods (insects, spiders, mites, centipedes): Exchange gases using tracheas, which deliver oxygen directly to tissues, and pick up carbon dioxide for removal
Tracheas lead to openings called spiracles, located on side of abdomen

18. Transport in unicellular: Bacteria, Protists and Fungi
Unicellular Organisms such as:
Bacteria (cyanobacteria,E.coli)
Protists (Amoeba, Paramecia, Euglena)
Fungi (yeasts)
Small organisms do not require an internal transport system.
Diffusion/osmosis: Is what they use to get food and gases to their cell parts.

19. Transport in Simple Multicellular Plants & Animals
Examples:
Simple plants such as Bryophyta (mosses)
Simple animals such as Cnidarians (sea anemones) & Platyhelminthes or flatworms (planaria)
These organisms (like unicellular organisms) have a LARGE surface area to volume ratio.
Surface area is large enough to allow all the gases to reach the cells by diffusion/osmosis
Once inside the cells, the distances to travel to other parts are small—so once again diffusion is sufficient.

20. Transport in Multicellular Plants & Animals
The opposite occurs:
Most multicellular organisms that have tissues, organs and organ systems.
LARGE organisms have a SMALL surface area to volume ratio.
Most complex organisms have waxy cuticles, scales, skin, hair and or shells which are not semi-permeable to allow diffusion.
Therefore, there is a need for a transport system or circulatory system.
Diffusion is not fast enough to reach all cells to allow survival.

21. Transported Materials
Useful: Oxygen, digested or manufactured food, water, mineral salts, hormones, antibodies, plasma proteins etc.
Wastes: carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste
Harmful: alcohol, drugs 
Table 1 below shows examples of substances transported in blood of humans.
Substance
Transported from
Transported to
Why it needs to be transported
Oxygen
Lungs
Body cells
Respiration
Digested foods
(fats, glucose, amino acids)
Digestive organs (intestinal villi) and liver
Growth and cell metabolism
Urea and other nitrogenous waste
Liver and body cells
Kidneys
Excretion
Hormones
Ductless endocrine glands
Various organs as needed
Regulation of body functions
Heat
Muscles, liver
All tissues
Regulation of body temperature
Carbon dioxide
Body cells and tissues

22. Transport in Multicellular Plants & Animals
Both transport systems in plants and animals use water as the basis for transport since it is:
A good solvent
Has a high specific heat (doesn’t change temperature easily)
Is not too viscous (thick)
Is unreactive (inert).
Both animals and plants have more than one type of tissue which is specialized to make transport easier.

23. Transport Adaptations in Multicellular Plants
Plants have specialized tissues called Vascular Tissues:
Xylem – tube-like cells that carry water and dissolved minerals such as nitrates and nitrites-UP/against gravity -from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Phloem – tube-like cells that carry carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose – DOWN - from the leaves and other photosynthetic organs to the rest of the plant.

24. Transport in Simple Multicellular Animals
Some animals have a transport system that is “open”—Examples: Some Arthropods (insects & crustaceans)
An Open Circulatory System is one in which the fluids are not contained in vessels. Instead the fluids just “bath” the tissues and provide them with necessary gases and nutrients.

25. Transport Adaptations in Multicellular Animals
In the circulatory system in mammals, such as humans, the blood vascular system is made up of:
Blood
Blood vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins.
Heart
Mammals have a closed circulatory system i.e. blood circulates constantly from a pump through a series of tubes and back to the pump.
Arteries carry blood away from heart
Veins carry blood to heart

26. ACTIVITY 7 Cell Respiration The Mitochondria ATP + 6CO2 + C6H12O6
Equation:
ATP + 6CO2 + C6H12O6
6O2 + 6H2O
*What’s wrong with that equation? Correct any mistakes made by rewriting it accurately!
Draw and label a mitochondria with the following parts:
Cristae
Matrix
Membrane

27. Activity 8
Not all animals with lungs live on land. Think of 1 organism that lives in the water that has lungs.
Name the organism
How do they exchange the gases?
Name one adaptation they must have in order to survive long periods of time underneath the water.

28. Both gills and lungs with example
Activity 9
Compare gills and lungs in a Venn Diagram. Include an example organism for each part of the diagram.
Gills:
Example:
Lungs:
Both gills and lungs with example

29. Activity 10 Watch the short video clip at www.sasinschool.com
Login: hshshawks
QL #1275
After watching, answer the following questions:
What were the ancestors of land plants (where did they come from)?
Why are Non-tracheophytes (Bryophytes) such as mosses always found in moist, shady environments?
Tracheophytes such as ferns, pine trees and flowering plants compete for limited resources. Thus added size and growing taller was an adaptation to absorbing light. The added size and height of plants however caused what other problem?

30. Activity 11
Part 1:
Notice that the Moss is a small plant located close to the ground. They usually grow in moist, shady environments. Explain how mosses are able to transport water from cell to cell?
Part 2:
Look at the celery that is in colored water. (use page 51)
What “action” of water is occurring here? (due to cohesion and adhesion)
Which vascular tissue transports water and minerals from the roots upward?
What is the name for the other vascular tissue that transports food such as glucose downward/throughout the plant?

31. Activity 12
Multicellular Animals often transport substances by either using a Closed or an Open Circulatory system.
What is the difference between these two systems?
Fish have two chambered hearts, amphibians have three chambered hearts.
2. How many chambers are in a bird or mammal heart? (use pictures & heart model provided for help)
3. What is the name of the top chambers? The bottom chambers?
4. What is the job of the heart in transport?

32. Activity 13
The movement of materials in and out of the cell is a very important process. Fill in this table about cell transport.
Type of Cell Transport
Is Energy Used? (y or n)
2+ Examples
Extra Facts
Active
Passive

33. EXCRETION
Definition: The process by which organisms remove waste from their cells or bodies to maintain homeostasis.
All organisms produce waste products, as a result of the chemical reactions they perform (metabolism).
Wastes include:
Water
Salts
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogenous wastes (contain nitrogen
Some organisms have sophisticated organ systems for this process, others are very simple.
Excretion is necessary in order to maintain the balance of pH, water and salt.
If an organism cannot rid itself of waste, it will die from toxicity.

34. EXCRETION
Certain organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, remove waste products through the simple process of osmosis and diffusion.
These move substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

35. EXCRETION IN PROTISTS
Protists such as amoeba and paramecium use contractile vacuoles along with diffusion to remove wastes.
Ex: Amoeba
paramecium

36. EXCRETION & Respiration IN PLANTS
Plants use their stoma to take in and remove gases & water.
The stoma are usually found on the underside of the leaves or in the case of cacti, on their stems.

37. EXCRETION IN INSECTS & SPIDERS
Insects and spiders use malpighian tubules that are found in the blood-filled body of these organisms.
The wastes are filtered into the tubules by diffusion and active transport and released by the anus.

38. EXCRETION IN WORMS
Worms use a special structure called the nephridia (excretory tubules)to excrete wastes and excess water.
The movement of the nephridia as it filters the wastes looks like a flickering flame and is often called a flame cell.
The waste is eliminated through pores on the body.

39. DIAGRAM OF NEPHRIDIA

40. EXCRETION IN CRUSTACEANS
Crayfish and other crustaceans have two types of excretory organs: Gills and antennal glands.
Gills excrete carbon dioxide and the antennal glands excrete water, salts and ammonia. They also use these to obtain oxygen through respiration.

41. EXCRETION IN VERTEBRATES
There are 3 types of nitrogenous wastes in vertebrate animals:
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid.
All can be toxic.
Vertebrate animals use kidneys to rid their system of nitrogenous wastes.

42. THE NEPHRON OF THE KIDNEY
The kidney is made up of many functional units called nephrons.
There are 1 million nephrons in each adult human kidney
Their job is to filter the blood as it passes through the kidneys and collect it in the bladder for elimination.

43. OTHER EXCRETORY ORGANS
Lungs:
Excrete carbon dioxide—a waste gas.
Skin:
Excretes water, salts & urea.

44. Activity 14 Look at the slide of the stoma in the microscope.
Draw and label the stoma and guard cell.
Use arrows to show what gases enter and leave through the stoma.

45. Activity 15: Many aquatic animals such as crayfish have gills.
What are they used for?
What structures do other animals like ourselves use instead of gills for this purpose?
What is another process that uses the gills?

46. Bacteria Reproduction
Binary fission:
Asexual reproduction that produces identical DNA for parent and new cell. *NO VARIATION
Conjugation:
Sexual reproduction where 2 or more bacteria link pili together and exchange DNA fragments. Allows for genetic variation.
Transformation:
DNA from environment is taken into bacterial cells and mixed with bacterial DNA. This, also, gives variation.
When bacteria DNA changes by mutation, they become better suited to the environment and survive.
Surviving bacteria reproduce.
This is how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

47. Bacterial Reproduction

48. Reproduction in Protist
Protists can reproduce by mitosis to produce an individual that is genetically identical to the parent. *NO VARIATION
Fragmentation:
A piece of the parent breaks off to form a new, genetically identical individual. NO VARIATION!
They can conjugate:
Sexual reproduction—This allows for DNA to be exchanged to give variation of the DNA in the population.
Paramecium conjugation

49. Protist conjugation: paramecium

50. Reproduction in Fungi
Fungi can bud: an asexual offspring growth from parent plant.
Genetically identical offspring to parent. NO VARIATION.
Hyphae can join and combine DNA.
Sexual reproduction.
gives variation in the DNA.
Spores are produced by fungi.
1n: Spores must join to form a zygote.
2n: spores need to germinate in a moist area.
Fungi reproduce using ATP energy made during cell respiration.

51. Reproduction in Plants
Can asexually reproduce:
Can sexually reproduce:
4 phyla of plants:
Bryophytes (mosses) & Ferns
Reproduce with spores
Gymnosperms
Reproduce with conesseeds
Angiosperms.
Reproduce with flowersseeds
Fragmenting
Cuttings
Grafting

52. Reproduction using Seeds
Germination (seed growth) occurs when gymnosperms and angiosperms are in favorable conditions
Seeds and spores are produced by sexual reproduction.
Seed plants produce pollen and eggs that join to make a zygote
Flower: the reproductive organ of an angiosperm plant
Methods of seed dispersal:
Wind
Water
Animals

53. Reproduction in angiosperms Flowers

54. Reproduction in Animals
Classified into 9 phyla in the Animal Kingdom
Can be done asexually—reproduce by fragmenting or budding
Example: Sponges—Phyla Cnidarian
Can be done sexually—reproduce using sperm and egg
Aquatic animals release sperm into the water and swim to the egg.
Terrestrial animals, external or internal fertilization can occur.

55. Reproduction in animals gestation in shells
Turtle/Reptile Eggs
hard shelled
Frog Eggs
Soft shelled
Clumped in mucus
Bird Eggs
hard shelled

56. Activity 16 Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Describe asexual reproduction.
What is the end result of this process?
Recall one example of a living thing that does this process.
4. Describe sexual reproduction.
5. What is the end result of this process?
6. Recall one example of a living thing that does this process.
*Use the Coach book as a reference

57. Activity 17 Look at the seeds. How is each dispersed?
How is the dispersing of seeds good for the survival of the species?

58. Activity 17 Look at the fern under the dissecting scope.
What are the round clusters on the bottom of the leaf?

59. Activity 18
Use Coach book and station information to answer the following questions:
Which of the following are NOT reproductive structures in flowering plants?
Stamens
Cones
Ovaries
Seeds
Which of the statements describes an advantage of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction requires the presence of other members of the species
Asexual reproduction is best suited for rapidly changing environments
Asexual reproduction increases the variety of traits in an organisms offspring
Asexual reproduction takes less time and usually produces more offspring
The eggs laid by frogs and other water animals often lack a hard outer covering. The eggs laid by land animals are generally surrounded by a hard outer shell. What are the benefits of a hard outer shell for the eggs of land animals?

60. Development On a Cellular Level
Remember…stem cells are important to the development process:
Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells that will be specialized into a specific type of cell with specific structure/function. (multi-cellular organisms)

61. Growth & Development in Bacteria
Grow and develop during the G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
Energy for growth/development comes from ATP (made from cell respiration.
Done in the cytoplasm, using the cell membrane for the ETC (last stage).
Start out smaller, create proteins for structure.
The picture shows one adult bacteria and 2 juvenile bacteria. NOTICE the circular DNA and no organelles.

62. Growth & Development in Protist
Picture of an adult & juvenile protists:
1st eukaryotic cells, formed from endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis picture:
Juvenile protist generates proteins for growth after mitosis (using ATP)

63. Growth & Development in Fungi
Root-looking hyphae form under the surface.
Grow by mitosis
Emit enzymes for fungal food source.
Digests foods externally then absorbs it.
Above: Fungal hyphae growing in a petri dish.
Note: they grows in circles!

64. Growth & Development in Plants
Plants grow by mitosis
Cells then specialize and group into tissues and organs
These tissues & organs have specific jobs
Leaves= photosynthesis
Stem= transport and support
Roots= absorb water, anchor plant
Flower= reproduction
Once developed, it can then reproduce
& continue to grow.
Requires resources to survive:
Sunlight, water and CO2 for photosynthesis

65. Growth & Development in Plants
Hormones that control growth are called auxins
Gravitropism- stem grows upward, roots grow downward
Phototropism- growing toward the light source
Thigmotropism-growing to the touch

66. Growth & Development in Animals
Animals grow by mitosis
Cells specialize into groups of tissues and organs.
As the zygote continues to grow, development occurs and the cells begin to specialize.
This specialization was an adaptation that allowed the original organism to adapt better to the environment.
Some specialized organs include stomach, brain, heart
It reproduces to make more organisms with this adaptation.
Energy needed for growth (ATP)
Animals are heterotrophs so the food energy comes from eating.

67. Growth & Development in Mammals
Mammals are highly specialized animals and have three unique ways of developing before birth:
Marsupial: A “joey” develops in uterus for a short time (4-5 weeks) then as a blind, furless newborn the size of a jellybean climbs across mother to feed then goes into a pouch, where it continues to develop for as much as a year.
Monotreme: These mammals lay eggs instead of giving live birth
Placental mammal: Mammals develops in uterus and are born live

68. Growth & Development in Animals
Symmetry and body cavities created during development are used to classify organisms in the 9 phyla of the animal kingdom.

69. Metamorphosis in animals
Incomplete Metamorphosis: 3 stages of life
Egg-nymph-adult
Nymph is just a smaller version of the adult
Complete Metamorphosis: 4 stages of life
Egg-larvae-pupa-adult
Larva: in different form from adult—eats a ton!
Pupa: seemingly lifeless-a time for change

70. Activity 19
Look at the adult and juvenile paramecium (before and after mitosis) picture. How are they different? Compare the two.
Look at the mushroom under the dissecting scope. Can you see the hyphae (thread looking structures that make up the cap)? Name 2 functions of this structure.
Look at the plant. Does it appear to have gravitropism, thigmotropism, or phototropism? Define each plant behavior.

72. ACTIVITY 20
Using the information provided and a computer, answer the following questions:
Differentiate between the three ways a mammal develops, placental(Eutherian), marsupial and monotreme.
Brainstorm 1 example of each type of animal.
A. Using the phylogenetic tree provided, what was the earliest type of mammal to evolve?
B. Which evolved the most recently?
C. What do you think is the evolutionary advantage of developing in a placenta?

74. Activity 21
Incomplete Metamorphosis: 3 stages of life
Egg-nymph-adult
Nymph is just a smaller version of the adult
Complete Metamorphosis: 4 stages of life
Egg-larvae-pupa-adult
Larva: in different form from adult—eats a ton!
Pupa: seemingly lifeless-a time for change
Analyze the two insects going through metamorphosis in the picture to the right.
Explain 2 similarities and 2 differences between incomplete and complete metamorphosis.