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Big Era 4: Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter

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1 Big Era 4: Expanding Networks of Exchange and Encounter
1200 BCE – 500 CE

2 Big Era 4 Objectives: Explain the jump in population growth during this era Describe social & environmental consequences of population growth Identify & locate major networks of exchange in Afroeurasia Describe changes resulting from new cultural encounters Identify the world religions & belief systems of this era Give reasons for the rise of large, lasting empires at this time

3 Overview of BE4 1st networks of long-distance exchange
Linking distant regions of Afroeurasia Ideas, goods & technology Collective Learning Small-scale, isolated communities merged = larger connected world Used for leaders to consolidate, manage and maintain power Increased world populations More cities Centralized governments Development of belief systems People with different languages and cultural traditions could share common standards of morality and trust

4 Big Era 3 Review Agrarian societies and Early Civilizations
Produced food Social organization Interaction with others over distances Big Era 4 continues with these patterns at a faster pace

5 BE4: Humans and the Environment
Compared to Big Era 3: human energy use went up For agricultural production (farming) For production of goods and comforts Resulted in higher standard of living (for some) INTENSIFICATION of land use Farming Herding Population growth

6 Environment continued
New tools & techniques Improved crops Improved use of work animals i.e. camels & horses in Afroeurasia Iron production 1200 BCE 1st in Southwest Asia and East Africa (independently) Spread across Afroeurasia Farmers: axes, hoes, spades, & plows = more acres to farm Artisans: hammers, chisels, & saws = buildings of wood & stone Military: weapons & armor

7 Population Growth 1000 BCE – 1 CE From 120,000,000 to 250,000,000
Reasons: Increased interactions = slowly built up immunities to other diseases Stronger immunities allowed to survive epidemics & faster population growth Increased food production Populations rose and fell with severe epidemics

8 Forests Deforestation accelerated in Afroeurasia
Fuel, farming, grazing land & building material Flooded for wet rice farming Resulted in: Soil erosion Wood (fuel) shortages Famines Animal & plant extinction Altering climate Not seen in Americas because no iron tools or large work animals yet

9 Humans and Other Humans
Increased populations New ways of organizing social, economic & cultural relations More people living in cities Cities rose and fell depending on changes in Agricultural conditions & production Politics Disease Trade Empires: result of population & production increases

10 City populations: 1200 BCE – 500 CE
YEAR # of largest cities Size of largest cities Tot pop of largest cities BCE 1200 16 24,000-50,000 499,000 BCE 650 20 30, ,000 894,000 BCE 430 51 30, ,000 2,877,000 CE 100 75 30, ,000 5,181,000 CE 500 47 40, ,000 3,892,000

11 Multiplying of Cities Increasingly strong commercial ties
100 CE: Rome (pop. near 1m) & Luoyang, China (Han empire) Population down-swing tied to decline of empires

12 Cities continued Multifunctional Centers Government Religion Trade
Manufacturing Education Arts Some cities (Rome & Alexandria) did all Some specialized (depending on location i.e. trade route)

13 Empires Why? New technologies
Easier for central command of farther away lands Horses Armed cavalry Any terrain Messengers Roads (Romans and Persians) Canals (Chinese) Camels (arid Africa and Northwest India)

14 Biggest Empires of BE4 compared to the continental United States
APPROX. YEAR APPROX. SIZE in SQUARE MILES Han Empire 50 BCE 2,509,000 Persian Empire 500 BCE 2,123,000 Roman Empire 100 CE 1,698,400 Continental US Present 3,021,296

15 Empires continued What makes them empires? Population
Centralized, single government Elite class of a particular origin ruling over diverse population Han Chinese Indo-Iranian speaking Persians Latin-speaking Romans

16 Not everyone was in an Empire…
Increased number of city-states Greek & Phoenician city-states around the Mediterranean Sea Chain linking Atlantic to Pacific Caravans of merchants & camel drivers (Silk Road) Shippers & sea captains Kinship groups still existed

17 Rome SILK ROAD India Alexandria Han Persia

18 Rise of social classes Bigger cities & states = increased concentrations of wealth Bigger distinctions in class Elite minorities: Wealth Power Privilege “Middle” classes: Cities Merchants, artisans, scholars

19 Slavery Bottom of the social scale Expansion of during this era
Growth of slave trade, especially Mediterranean i.e. Roman empire at the end of 100 BCE = 40% of the population

20 Gender Males dominated political & social life in cities
More egalitarian (equal) in pastoral or small scale farming communities Women at the top classes of cities had the most freedom Own property Political influence

21 Humans & Ideas Writing Emerged in BE3 (Afroeurasia)
Increased speed & range of collective learning LOGOGRAPHIC: signs or characters that represented specific meanings Thousands of separate characters needed Allowed people to express precise, subtle meanings Chinese-based system is leading modern logographic writing

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23 Humans & Ideas: writing continued
ALPHABETIC: BE4 Signs represent sounds of speech, not meanings Meanings can be expressed in millions of ways, but sounds humans can make with their lips & tongues are more limited Small number of signs (26 in English, 28 in Arabic) Use together in countless ways to express ideas, etc. 1st one – Southwest Asia (1200 BCE) Variations spread from Mediterranean to India Easier to learn than logographic Literacy increased Scholars, priests, officials & merchants

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25 RELIGION definition: * the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. * synonyms: faith, belief, worship, creed, sect, church, cult, denomination * a particular system of faith and worship. a pursuit or interest to which someone ascribes supreme importance. Business Week Spread of Religions

26 Humans & Ideas: Big Religions
Related to spread of writing Embraced people of different languages & cultures Most people had local religions Centered on local gods & goddesses Sacred places in nature Astrology Magic Shamans (communicated between natural & supernatural)

27 Religion in Empires Diverse
Leaders typically used it to hold on to & justify authority Divine beings Special powers Power from gods

28 Why did most world religions appear in Big Era 4?
Afroeurasia’s population, commercial, & cultural interchange Need for systems of morality & shared beliefs (a standard system) Provided foundations for: Cultural communication Moral expectation Personal trust

29 Similarities of World Religions
Answers to questions about human condition How to worship Rituals Communal life (living together) Paths to self-transformation Paths to salvation Universal appeal Not rigid Different traditions developed within each in different regions & cultures

30 BELIEF SYSTEM TIMES OF APPEARANCE HOMELAND Buddhism 5th century BCE Northern India Christianity 1st century BCE Southwest Asia Confucianism (philosophy) Northern China Daoism (Taoism) Hinduism 7th century BCE Judaism 15th century BCE

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32 BELIEF SYSTEM Ethernal “heaven” Mono-theism (1 god) Poly-theism (gods) Reinc-arnation All around us App-eal to all Spread across lang, culture ID w/own Basics: Kind, selfless Buddhism X Christianity Daoism Hinduism Judaism X Hebrew

33 Confucianism Philosophy or ethical system Not considered a “religion”
Emphasis on: Morals Public behavior Good government Social responsibility

34 Humans & Ideas: Philosophy
Tied to religion Encouraged investigations of the physical and natural universe Beginnings of science Greeks: Hellenism Around BCE A lot of different gods Developed natural philosophy System of scientific and moral questioning Based on Greek language & culture Developed theories to explain natural, cosmic, & psychological phenomena Aligned with religion

35 Summary Writing What changes from Big Era 3 to Big Era 4 in the following categories: Humans and the Environment? Humans and other Humans? Humans and ideas? Write about what changed and WHY these changes came about. Free write should be ½ page or more of a note sheet. This is a summary of your notes and will be graded as part of your folder check this week.

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