2. Our galaxy North America
Solar System Oreo cookie
Sun A sprinkle

4. FYI: A Trillion can be thought of as a million millions!
AU (Astronomical Unit)
Equal to 150 million km
Measures distance within the Solar System
Light Year
Distance light travels in one year
One light year=10 trillion km
Measures distance beyond the Solar System
FYI: A Trillion can be thought of as a million millions!

6. Read page 415 to find the answer to the following question:
Why does east appear on the left and west appear on the right on the sky map?

7. Star formations resembling people, animals or objects
Divides night sky into 88 regions

11. Spectra Spectroscope Range of wavelengths a star emits
Instrument used to study stars
Determines what types of elements are present
Spreads light into different wavelengths

14. Waves Locations Radio New stars Cold, dark regions of space Infrared
Star-forming regions
Ultraviolet
Young stars
X-rays/Gamma Rays
Exploding stars
High energy gas jets

16. Launch Lab p. 423

26. Nuclei of several atoms combines into one large nucleus
Releases huge amounts of energy
Produces stars

27. Star:
Ball of gas
Held together by gravity
Hot core (nuclear fusion occurs)
Energy from stars core radiates into space causing star to shine

28. Groups of Stars
1. Single stars
2. Binary system
Two stars orbit each other
3. Clusters
All stars the same age
Formed at the same time
Are the same distance from earth
Open or globular clusters

29. Classified according to spectra
Spectra and color are determined by surface temperature
Mass and color are related
Organization of stars
Hottest
Blue-White
Most mass
Orange
Yellow
White
Coolest
Red
Least mass

32. Main sequence stars Form a line from the upper left to the lower right
Mass determines both temperature and luminosity

33. Non-main sequence stars
Top right
Cool yet luminous
Unusually large
Called giants or supergiants

34. Non-main sequence stars
Bottom
Hot yet dim
Unusually small
White dwarfs

40. Pulled together by gravity ↓ Forms
Step 1
Nebula
Cloud of gas and dust
Pulled together by gravity
↓ Forms
Protostar
Cores become hot and dense
Nuclear fusion begins
Thermal energy released
*Process takes thousands of years

41. Step 2
Main Sequence Stars
As soon as it begins to fuse into helium ↓
-Hydrogen is nearly gone
-Star leaves the main sequence
-Becomes a red giant or a supergiant

42. Step 3
White Dwarf
Lower mass stars
Hot, dense slowly cooling sphere of carbon
Run out of helium
Expose cores

43. Step 4 Supernova An enormous explosion that destroys a star
Iron forms in the core
Lose energy and collapse
Star explodes

44. Step 5
Neutron Star
A dense core of neutrons that remains after a supernova

45. Planetary Nebulae
Cast off hydrogen and helium from white dwarfs
Can be used to form new stars
Supernova Remnants
Cloud of gas and dust from a supernova
Can be used to form new planets and stars

46. Happens after some massive stars collapse
An object whose gravity is so great no light can escape
Does not suck in matter like a vacuum
Cannot be seen
Existence inferred from surrounding objects

47. Huge collections of stars
Dark Matter
Matter that emits no light at any wavelength
Dark Energy
A force pushing the galaxies apart
Together, they makes up 90% of the universe

52. The universe began from one point billions of years ago and has been expanding ever since
Universe began billion years ago
Began smaller than a proton

53. *This happens in 200 seconds=3.3 minutes
In less than one second, the universe expanded trillions of times in size
Called inflation
Universe is filled with soup of particles called quarks
Quarks group together in groups of three forming protons and neutrons
Protons and neutrons join together to form atomic nuclei
*This happens in 200 seconds=3.3 minutes

54. 380,000 years later…
Electrons orbit nuclei
First atoms created
Particle soup thins to allow light to travel through the universe

55. 300 million years later…
Gravity pulls together gas and dust to form first stars and galaxies
10 billion years later…
Expansion speeds up again because of dark energy

56. 13.8 billion years later (Present Day)…
Expansion continues to accelerate

58. “I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to avoid their use.” ~Galileo
“…Science is not a threat to their faith, but rather a great support. That by appreciating God’s creation, we come closer to God.” ~Guy Consolmagno (Vatican astronomer)

59. “The beginning of the world is not the work of chaos that owes its origin to something else, but it derives directly from a supreme principle that creates out of love. The Big Bang, that today is considered to be the origin of the world, does not contradict the creative intervention of God; on the contrary, it requires it.” ~Pope Francis