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Include questions AND answers on your new bell ringer!
What is the independent variable? Dependent variable?
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Bell Ringer 9/3/2012 What is the difference between developed and non-developed countries? Developed vs. developing: Higher GNP, more industrialization
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Globalization – we are living in an increasingly integrated world
Economic indicators Global economy grew International trade grew Corporation operating in multiple countries grew Information and Communication 1 in every 11 people in the world have Internet access Globalization – process of global social, economic, and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world. Economic indicators: global economy grew international trade grew corporations operating in multiple countries grew Information and Communication 1 in every 11 people in the world have Internet access Environmental Effects number of diseases transmitted across international borders has increased pollution has been transported globally Environmental Effects Number of diseases transmitted across international borders has increased Pollution transported globally
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Natural Capital = Natural Resources + Natural Services
Natural resources – materials or energy in nature that are useful (sometimes essential) to humans. Natural services – functions of, or processes in nature which support life and human economies Solar capital – energy from the sun
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Resources Resource – anything obtained from the environment that fulfills a need or want Directly available for use (sun, air, water, wind) Not directly available for use (iron, coal, crops)
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Resources Perpetual – on a human time scale are continuous
solar energy Renewable – can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades) forests, grasslands, fresh air, fertile soil Nonrenewable – in a fixed supply or not replenished on a human time scale fossil fuels, iron, copper, salt
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Some Sources Are Renewable…Some Resources Are Not Renewable
Sustainable yield – the highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply Environmental degradation – when resource supply shrinks as a result of overuse Recycling and reusing extends supply of nonrenewable resources. Recycling processes waste material into new material. Reuse is using a resource over again in the same form.
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Overexploiting Shared Renewable Resources: Tragedy of the Commons
Three types of property or resource rights: Private property – owned by a person Common property – owned by a group Open access renewable resources – owned by no one, available to all, no charge Tragedy of the Commons – common property/ open access resources will be exploited Solutions – laws or policy reducing resource access or use OR convert the resource to private ownership
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Imagine a field of grass shared by 6 farmers, each with one cow…
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 120 liters
A few facts: Each cow currently produces 20 liters of milk per day The carrying capacity of the commons is 8 cows. For each cow above 8, the milk production declines by 2 liters (due to overgrazing, there is less grass for each cow: less grass, less milk!). 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 120 liters
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 120 liters (6 cows)
Do the farmers sit back and stay at 6 cows? Not if they are individual profit maximizers (here simplified as milk production maximizers) 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 120 liters (6 cows)
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 140 liters (7 cows)
Do the farmers sit back and stay at 6 cows? Not if they are individual profit maximizers (here simplified as milk production maximizers) “I’ll get another cow” 40 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 140 liters (7 cows)
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We are now at the carrying capacity -- do they stop? No.
“Then I’ll get another cow too” 40 liters 40 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 160 liters (8 cows)
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 162 liters (9 cows)
They are now at the maximum total milk production. But do they stop? No… 36 liters 36 liters “I’ll get another cow” 18 liters 36 liters 18 liters 18 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 162 liters (9 cows)
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 160 liters (10 cows)
“My cow is now less productive, but 2 will improve my situation” 32 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 160 liters (10 cows)
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 154 liters (11 cows)
“I’ll get another cow” 28 liters 28 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 154 liters (11 cows)
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 144 liters (12 cows)
“Well, everyone else is getting one, so me too!” 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters 24 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 144 liters (12 cows)
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Total daily milk production for the commons: 130 liters (10 cows)
“Well, I can still increase milk production if I get a third cow” 30 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters 20 liters Total daily milk production for the commons: 130 liters (10 cows)
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Ecological Footprints -
the amount of land needed to produce the resources needed by an average person in a country The amount of land needed to produce the resources needed by an average person in a country. REVIEW STUDENT RESULTS!!!
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Ecological Footprints
The amount of land needed to produce the resources needed by an average person in a country. REVIEW STUDENT RESULTS!!!
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Earth’s Ecological Capacity
Number of Earths Humanity's Ecological Footprint Figure 1.7 Natural capital use and degradation: total and per capita ecological footprints of selected countries in 2002 (left). By 2002, humanity’s average ecological footprint was about 39% higher than the earth’s ecological capacity (right). (Data from Worldwide Fund for Nature, UN Environment Programme, Global Footprint Network, Worldwatch Institute) Year
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What’s YOUR ecological footprint?
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Pollution Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms Pollutant can enter the environment (1) naturally or (2) through human activities.
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Pollution Where do pollutants come from?
Point Sources – single identifiable sources Smokestack Drainpipe Exhaust pipe Nonpoint sources – dispersed sources Runoff from fields Pesticides sprayed in the air Pollutant can enter the environment (1) naturally or (2) through human activities.
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Pollution What are the effects of pollutants?
Disruption of life-support systems for humans and other species. Damage to wildlife, human health, and property. Nuisances such as noise, and unpleasant smells, tastes, and sights.
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Dealing With Pollution
Prevention (Input Control) Replace Reduce Reuse Recycle Cleanup (Output Control) Temporary Shifts problem somewhere else Costly
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Environmental and Resource Problems
Major Problems (See Fig. 1-9 p. 12) Air Pollution Water Pollution Biodiversity Depletion Food Supply Waste Production Air Pollution Food Supply Problems Global climate change Overgrazing Statospheric ozone depletion Farmland loss and degradation Urban air pollution Wetlands loss and degradation Acid deposition Overfishing Indoor/Outdoor pollutants Coastal Pollution Noise Soil Erosion Water Pollution Soil Salinization Sediment Soil waterlogging Nutrient Overload Water shortages Toxic chemicals Groundwater depletion Infectious agents Loss of biodiversity Oxygen depletion Poor nutrition Pesticides Biodiversity Oil spills Habitat destruction Excess heat Habitat degradation Waste Production Extinction Solid Waste Hazardous Waste
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Biodiversity Depletion
Habitat destruction Habitat degradation Extinction Air Pollution Global climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Urban air pollution Acid deposition Outdoor pollutants Indoor pollutants Noise Food Supply Problems Overgrazing Farmland loss and degradation Wetlands loss Overfishing Coastal pollution Soil erosion Soil salinization Soil waterlogging Water shortages Groundwater depletion Loss of biodiversity Poor nutrition Major Environmental Problems Water Pollution Sediment Nutrient overload Toxic chemicals Infectious agents Oxygen depletion Pesticides Oil spills Excess heat Waste Production Solid waste Hazardous waste
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Experts Have Identified Five Basic Causes of Environmental Problems
Population growth Wasteful and unsustainable resource use Poverty Failure to include the harmful environmental costs of goods and services in their market prices Insufficient knowledge of how nature works
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Resource Consumption and Environmental Problems
ADD TO NOTES (back of sheet) BOTH poverty and wealth can lead to environmental degradation: Underconsumption People who live in poverty are concerned with survival, not the environmental implications of their actions. Overconsumption Affluenza: unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism.
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Environmental Impact Fig. 1-11 p. 13 Model: P x A x T = I Population
Affluence Technology Impact Help to understand how key environmental problems and some of their causes are connected. Guide us in seeking solutions. Fig p. 13
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Connections between Environmental Problems and Their Causes
I = PAT I = P x A x T I = Environmental Impact P = Population A = Affluence (per capita consumption) T = Technology
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Environmental Interactions
The goal of environmental science is to learn as much as possible about these complex interactions. Fig p. 14
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Environmental Worldviews
Planetary Management We are in charge of nature. There is always more. All economic growth is good. Our success depends on how well we can understand, control, and manage the earth’s life support systems.
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Environmental Worldviews
Environmental Wisdom Nature does not exist just for us and we only think we are in charge. There is not always more. Some forms of technology are environmentally beneficial, some are harmful. Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating these lessons into how we think and act.
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SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS
Technological optimists: suggest that human ingenuity will keep the environment sustainable. Environmental pessimists: overstate the problems where our environmental situation seems hopeless.
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How Would You Vote? Is the society you live in on an unsustainable path? a. Yes: Without readily available green products and services, converting to a sustainable society is unrealistic. b. Not entirely: I'm doing what I can to improve sustainability, including recycling and using less energy.
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Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability: Copy Nature
Reliance on Solar Energy Biodiversity Population Control Nutrient Recycling Figure 1-16
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Reliance on Solar Energy
Biodiversity Figure 1.16 Four scientific principles of sustainability: these four interconnected principles of sustainability are derived from learning how nature has sustained a variety of life on the earth for about 3.7 billion years. The top left oval shows sunlight stimulating the production of vegetation in the Arctic tundra during its brief summer (solar energy) and the top right oval shows some of the diversity of species found there during the summer (biodiversity). The bottom right oval shows Arctic gray wolves stalking a caribou during the long cold winter (population control). The bottom left oval shows Arctic gray wolves feeding on their kill. This plus huge numbers of tiny decomposers that convert dead matter to soil nutrients recycle the nutrients needed to support the plant growth shown in the top left and right ovals (nutrient recycling). Nutrient Recycling Population Control Fig. 1-16, p. 24
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Environmentally-Sustainable Economic Development
Decision making in a sustainable society Social Economic Environmental Sustainable Solutions Traditional decision making Environmental Social Economic Fig p. 17
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Current Emphasis Sustainability Emphasis
Pollution cleanup Waste disposal (bury or burn) Protecting species Environmental degradation Increased resource use Population growth Depleting and degrading natural capital Sustainability Emphasis Pollution prevention (cleaner production) Waste prevention and reduction Protecting where species live (habitat protection) Environmental restoration Less wasteful (more efficient) resource use Population stabilization by decreasing birth rates Protecting natural capital and living off the biological interest it provides
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