1. Grammar. Yayyyyy.
English I. ‘16-’17

2. Brainstorm

3. Eight Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective 5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

4. Noun Names a person, place, or thing Examples:
Pittsburgh Steelers, school, Netflix, friends, Yukon, coffee, computer

5. Pronoun A word that takes the place of a noun
Example: I, me, she, him, its, theirs/ myself, himself, themselves/ this, that, these, those/ who, whom, whose, which, what/ both, many, anyone, everybody, several, some

6. Verb Three types of verbs: Action
Verb that demonstrates action (physical or mental)
Examples: run, fly, sleep, watch, dream
Linking
Attaches the subject of a sentence to the complement
Examples: Sound, taste, appear, become, feel, remain, seem
Auxiliary/Helping
A verb that extends the meaning of the main verb in the sentence
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, being, been, have, has, do, does, did, would, could, should, may, might, must, can, will, shall

7. Modifiers
Adjective
Words that modify, describe, or limit a noun or pronoun
Examples: pretty, smart, funny, pleasant, boring, happy
Adverb
Words that modify, describe, or limit a verb
Examples: angrily, sadly, openly, loudly

8. Prepositions
Relates one word to another

9. Prepositional Phrases
Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, pronoun, or “object” of preposition
Examples:
At home, in time, from Derek, with me, by chance
Along the busy, six-lane highway
From yesterday’s long football practice
At my favorite book store

10. Conjunctions Other conjunctions:
A word used to connect clauses or sentences
Remember FANBOYS
F- for
A- and
N- nor
B- but
O- or
Y- yet
S- so
Other conjunctions:
Although, after, as, before, because, however, when, if, unless

11. Interjection An exclamation
Examples: wow, ouch, boo, oops, awww, oh my gosh

12. Parts of Sentence Terms
Subject
Predicate/Verb
Complement
Direct Object
5. Indirect Object
6. Predicate Nominative
7. Predicate Adjective

13. Subject In a complete sentence, every verb has a subject
The subject is who, or what does the verb in the sentence
Helpful tip:
The subject of a sentence will NEVER be part of a prepositional phrase

14. Verb/Predicate
The part of a sentence that contains a verb and states something about the subject

15. Complement (NOT Compliment ☺)
word or group of words that completes the meaning of the sentence
There are three kinds of complements:
Direct Object
Indirect Object
Subject Complements (Predicate Nominative and Predicate Adjective)

16. Complement: Direct Object
Directly receive the verb/action
Answer the question what or whom.
Example:
The students asked many questions. (Asked what?)
 The teacher quickly answered the students. (Answered whom?)

17. Complement: Indirect Object
a noun referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a verb
Indirect objects come before direct objects
Examples:
My sister usually gave her friends good advice. (Gave to whom?)
Her brother sent the store a heavy package.  (Sent to what?)

18. Complement: Subject Complements
Completes a linking verb and renames the subject
There are two kinds of subject complements:
Predicate Nominative
Predicate Adjective

19. Complement: Predicate Nominative
the noun following a linking verb that restates or stands for the subject.
Example:
She became a teacher. [subject= she; PN=teacher]
For many of us, the fans were an embarrassment. [subject=fans; PN= embarrassment]
They are favorites to win this year. [subject=they; PN= favorites]

20. Complement: Predicate Adjective
an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (i.e., refers back to) the subject of the linking verb
Example:
She was tired. [subject= she; PA= tired]
Her lasagna smells delicious. [subject= lasagna; PA= delicious]

21. Curt’s favorite toy is his big truck.
Children grow older every day.
Her costume is strange..

22. Still Confusing?
Memorize the 6-Step process for identifying the parts of sentence

23. Step 1
Read the sentence and circle any basic conjunctions. (and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet)
conjunction
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.

24. Step 2 Place parenthesis around (prepositional phrases).
conjunction
( )
Prepositional phrase
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.

25. Step 3
Look for words that show action and underline the Action Verb twice.  If there is no action verb, look for Linking Verbs – words that connect.  (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)  Don’t forget helping verbs.
conjunction
( )
Prepositional phrase
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.
Action Verb

26. Step 4
Ask “who” or “what” is doing the action and underline the subject once.
conjunction
( )
Prepositional phrase
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.
Action Verb

27. Step 5
Identify the complement by saying your subject and then verb and then ask “what?” to find…
d.o. (direct object – follows an action verb and answers what)
p.a. (predicate adjective – follows linking and describes)
p.n. (predicate nominative – follows linking and renames)
conjunction
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.
( )
Prepositional phrase
[ ]
Direct Object
Action Verb

28. Step 6
Check for an i.o. (indirect object – only if you have a direct object and answer “for/to whom”)
conjunction
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.
( )
Prepositional phrase
[ ]
Direct Object
Action Verb

29. What do I do with what’s left?
Everything else is either an adjective (modifies nouns) or an adverb (modifies verbs, adjectives, and adverbs)
conjunction
On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart.
( )
Prepositional phrase
[ ]
Direct Object
Adjective
Action Verb

30. Let’s Practice
By the end of the day, Maddie snapped thirty-eight pictures.  

31. Subject/Verb Agreement
NOTE: Appositive Phrases do not affect subject/verb agreement – get rid of them
p p
Citizens of the country vote.
s s
The legislature, which has 386 members, is called the National Assembly.

32. Compound Subjects NOTE: Compound Subjects joined by “and” are plural
p p
The chancellor and his cabinet are going to meet.
NOTE: When compound subjects are joined by “or” or “nor,” match the verb with the subject CLOSEST TO THE VERB
p p
Either Schroeder or the ministers are going to speak.

33. Confusing Subjects
NOTE: Some verbs come before the subject; find the subject and make sure it agrees with the verb
(Hint: Flip the sentence around in your head so you read
the subject first.)
p p
On the wall are slogans. (Slogans are on the wall.)
s s
Is the message clear? (The message is clear.)

34. Confusing Subjects
NOTE: The words “There” and “Here” are NEVER the subject; find the subject and then say the verb to make sure it agrees (singular or plural)
s s
There is only one government in Germany. (One government is)
p p
There are several parties in the government. (Several parties are)

35. Confusing Subjects s s There’s my book. p p s p
NOTE: Separate contractions like “There’s” and “Don’t” to see if the verb is singular or plural and make sure it agrees with the Subject.
s s
There’s my book.
p p s p
There are my books. NOT There’s my books

36. Confusing Subjects
NOTE: Nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning take singular verbs.
Social studies has become my favorite subject.
NOTE: A title or name of an organization is singular and must have a singular verb.
Hard Times is a novel by Charles Dickens.
NOTE: A noun expressing an amount or measurement is usually singular and requires a singular verb.
Fifty cents is more than enough.
Twenty feet was the length of the voting line.

37. Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any person, amount, or thing in particular, HOWEVER they CAN be the subject.
Many (was, were) unhappy with British rule of their country.
Not one of the bills (was, were) counterfeit.
A few of the band members (was, were) in uniform.