1. 6 Basic Sentence Patterns
1.Subject + Verb  I swim. Joe swims. They swam.
2. Subject + Verb + Object  I drive a car. Joe plays the guitar. They ate dinner.
3. Subject + Verb + Complement (noun / adjective) I am busy. Joe became a doctor. They look sick.
4. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object  I gave her a gift. She teaches us English.
5. Subject + Verb + Object + Complement  I left the door open. We elected him president. They named her Jane.
6. Subject + V. be + Complement/ Prep.P. / Adverb.
I’m a nurse. A snake charmer is a person. My phone is in my pocket.
My cat is outside.

2. can could may might must have to got to should ought to
2. Verbs ต่อไปนี้จะตามด้วย infinitive without ‘to’ หรือ V.1 แบบไม่มี ‘to’
Modal Verb
can could may might must
have to got to should ought to
will had better *used to **need
Active Voices
Passive Voices
(be + v.3)
He can drive a car.
A car can be driven.
He cannot drive a car.
A car cannot be driven.
She may not eat apple.
An apple may not be eaten.
I should by this clock.
This clock should be bought.
He must have passed the exam.
The exam must have been passed.

3. *used to มีรูปที่เป็น adjective จะแปลว่า เคยชิน/คุ้นเคย สังเกตได้ว่าจะตามหลังv.be และ get และ to ในที่นี้เป็น preposition ซึ่งต้องตามด้วย noun / noun phrase / gerund (v. ing ที่ทำหน้าที่เหมือนคำนาม คือแปลว่า การในภาษาไทย)
Ex. * I used to live in Bangkok. (modal verb)
* I’m getting used to living in Bangkok. (adj.)
* I’m used to eating breakfast quite late. ( )
**I don't think we need ask him.
**I need to do some shopping on my way home from work.
** She needs her hair washed.
** This room needs cleaning.

4. Help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to.
2.2 The verbs let, make, see, hear, feel, watch and notice are followed by object + infinitive without to.
They made me wait. (NOT They made me to wait.)
I saw him slap the child. (NOT I saw him to slap the child.)
I don’t let my children stay up late.
Did you hear him say that he was leaving?
Help can be followed by an infinitive with or without to.
She helped me to unload my car. OR She helped me unload my car.
In passive forms with make, see, hear, help and know we use infinitives with to.
I was made to wait. (NOT I was made wait.)
He was helped to lift the box.

5. preposition + noun phrase/gerund = a prepositional phrase
3. PREPOSITIONS
preposition + noun phrase/gerund = a prepositional phrase
เป็นแค่ตัวขยายในประโยคเท่านั้น ไม่สามารถเป็นประธานเป็นกรรมได้
เจอแล้วให้ใช้ ( ) แยกออกจากส่วนอื่นๆของประโยคเลย
about above aboard across after against along among around as at beside between beyond behind below beneath before by concerning despite down
during except from for in inside into like near of on over off onto
opposite out outside past round regarding since to toward than through under underneath unlike until up upon via with within without besides
The last time when I saw him, he was walking down the road.
I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema. It was difficult to sleep during the flight.
It was the worst storm since the 1980s. Give that to me.
That was my first visit to Africa.
I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.
The sheep were loaded onto trucks.

6. ahead of apart from as for
as well as as a result of
as regard according to
because of due to except for instead of in addition to
in respect of in front of
in place of in regard to in spite of inside of in terms of in charge of near to on account of on top of out of outside of owing to on behalf of prior to such as
thanks to up to with regard to
They were unable to attend because of the bad weather in Ireland.
Jack’ll be playing in the team in place of me.
In addition to getting a large fine, both brothers were put in prison for three months.
Make sure all revisions are approved by the author prior to publication.
We estimate that there’ll be up to 10,000 people at the concert.
The teacher put me in charge of organizing the project.

7. 4. Adjectival Clause (ประโยคความซ้อน ที่ ซึ่ง ผู้ที่ คนที่ ผู้ซึ่ง ตอนที่ ในกรณีที่)
The man who called last night wouldn’t leave his name.
The student whose notes I borrowed was absent today.
Our dog, Rusty, whom we all dearly loved, was recently killed on the high way.

9. 4. that
The relative pronoun that always introduces restrictive clauses; in other words, that clauses are never set off by commas:
You choose a colour that you like.
A boy that I knew in junior high called me last week.
A lorry that was going too fast for road conditions hit our dog.
5. which
My roommate’s financial problems, which he finally told me about, have caused him a lot of stress this semester.
6. where, when, why
Newsworthy events rarely happen in the small town where I lived as a child.
We will all feel nervous until next Tuesday, when results of the auditions will be posted. I understand the reason why Margo got the lead.

10. 7. THE BROAD-REFERENCE CLAUSE
Joe bought a gas guzzler, which surprised me.
Tom cleaned up the garage without being asked, which made me suspect that he wanted to borrow the car.
8. PREPOSITION
When prepositions are used with relative clauses, they usually come at the end of the clause in spoken English:
You may have a neighbor that you rely on. (informal)
In formal style the preposition can be placed before the relative pronouns which or whom:
I was unsuccessful in obtaining a place at any of the universities to which I applied.
My boss, for whom I have worked for over 30 years, has decided to retire.

11. 5. Past Participle (v.3) & Present Participle (v.ing)
ถ้าอยู่เดี่ยวๆจะไม่ใช่กิริยา จะทำหน้าที่เป็นตัวขายายเหมือน adjective
Past participle (v.3) ให้ความหมายว่า ‘ถูก’ กระทำ
Present Participle (v.ing)
- prenoun
The barking dogs kept me awake all night.
I should replace that broken hinge.
The abandoned child cried for three days without stopping.

12. - postnoun
Who is that child throwing stones at our house?
Most of the people invited did not even reply.
We saw Jim walking up the street.
- before main clause
Not having an umbrella, I got really wet.
Introduced to the president, he could think of nothing to say.
- after main clause
Moments later a bomb exploded, leaving three people dead and twelve others injured.
The musicians stood up, surrounded by thunderous applause.

13. I suspect that our history exam will be tough.
6. NOMINAL CLAUSE
As the Direct Object
I suspect that our history exam will be tough.
The president recently announced that he will ask Congress for tax cuts for the middle class.

14. As the Subject
That the common cold is caused by a virus has been clearly established by science.
Omitted that
Any declarative sentence can be turned into a nominal clause in this way. And you’ll discover that sometimes we don’t even need that:
I suspect ( ) our history exam will be tough. Derek said ( ) he would be late.

15. Interrogative Words
Many of our nominal clauses are introduced by interrogatives, the same words we use for questions:
I wonder why the students are protesting.
Who will be at the party remains a mystery.
I wonder which brand of yogurt has the least fat.
What I had forgotten was that I had a test today.

16. ADVERBIAL CLUASE Subordinating Conjunctions
Reason
Time
Condition
Place
Contrast
Comparison
Concession
Result as
that since
because
in order to
in order that seeing that
now that
so that
after as
as soon as before
once
till until when
whenever while if
in case provided that
unless
as long as
wherever
anywhere
whereas while
as though just as
as if
although
even though
even if though so
[subordinate clause] [main clause]
After we had talked on the phone, I wrote down what we had decided.
[main clause] [subordinate clause]
Everyone enjoyed the fishing trip although no one caught any fish!

17. การลดรูปของ Adverbial Clause
While waiting for the bus, we saw the police arrest a pickpocket at the edge of the crowd.
When stripped of its trees, the land becomes inhospitable.

18. 7. Passive Voice

19. has, have been eating (present perfect continuous)
8. Active Voice
PRESENT
PAST
(past tense)
FUTURE
(a modal verb: will)
Simple
eat, eats (present simple)
ate
(past simple)
will eat
(future simple)
Continuous (be + present participle)
am, is, are eating (present continuous)
was, were eating (past continuous)
will be eating (future continuous)
Perfect (have + past participle )
has, have eaten (present perfect)
had eaten (past perfect)
will have eaten (future perfect)
Perfect continuous (have + been +
present participle)
has, have been eating (present perfect continuous)
had been eating
(past perfect progressive)
will have been eating
(future perfect continuous)

20. 9. Appositive An appositive is a word or phrase that renames the noun.
My uncle, a doctor in California, is moving to New Jersey.
My best friend George is from Hawaii.
My sister Mary has four dogs. (Restrictive)
Sometimes that name is set off by commas:
The judge’s husband, Morrie, stays home with the kids. (Non-restrictive)