1. SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS
AP Human Geography Services and Urban Patterns Chapter 12 & 13
SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS
AP Human geography
Spring 2016
Chapters 12 & 13
llhammon Spring 2016

2. USA at Night

3. Europe at night.

4. World at Night

5. Services Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need
Services are located in settlements
Location of services is important for profitability
Affluent regions tend to offer more services
Local diversity is evident in the provision of services

6. Where Did Services Originate?
Three types of services
Consumer services
About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States
Business services
About 24 percent of all jobs in the United States
Public services
About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States
In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector

7. Percentage of GDP from Services, 2006
Over two-thirds of workers are employed in the service sector in most MDCs, while a less than one-half are in the service sector in most LDCs.
Where Did Services Originate?

8. Employment Change in the U.S. by Sector
All of the growth in employment since 1970 has been in the tertiary sector, whereas employment has remained unchanged in the primary and secondary sectors. Within the tertiary sector the greatest increase has occurred in professional services.
Where Did Services Originate?

9. Services in early rural settlements
Early consumer services met societal needs
Examples = burial of the dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers
Early public services probably followed religious activities
Early business services to distribute and store food
Where Did Services Originate?

10. Ancient Cities Services in early urban settlements
Services in ancient cities
Earliest urban settlements (e.g., Ur, Catal Titris- Höyük), Athens, Rome
Where Did Services Originate?

11. Ancient Ur
Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences
Where Did Services Originate?

12. Catal (Titris) Höyük, Turkey
Schematic reconstruction drawing of a section of Level VI, Çatal Höyük, Turkey,
ca. 6000–5900 BCE. (after J. Mellaart).
Landscape with volcanic eruption(?) / goddess(?),wall painting from - Level VII, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca BCE.
Where Did Services Originate?

13. Athens, Greece
The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.
Where Did Services Originate?

14. Medieval Cities Services in medieval cities
Largest settlements were in Asia
European cities developed with feudalism
Where Did Services Originate?

15. Brugge, Belgium Brugge (or Bruges) was a major port and wool
Manufacturing center from the
12th century. It is marked by
squares surrounded by public
buildings.
Where Did Services Originate?

16. AP Human Geography Services and Urban Patterns Chapter 12 & 13
Paris, France
Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.
Where Did Services Originate?
llhammon Spring 2016

17. Medieval cities
Carcassonne, France. These cities were often surrounded by walls for protection. The walls have been demolished in most places, but they still stand around the medieval center of Carcassonne.
Where Did Services Originate?

18. Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
AP Human Geography Services and Urban Patterns Chapter 12 & 13
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?
Services in rural settlements
Half of the world’s population lives in rural settlements
Two types
Clustered rural settlements
Circular or linear
Clustered settlements in Colonial America
Dispersed rural settlements
In the United States
In Great Britain
Enclosure movement
llhammon Spring 2016

19. Clustered Rural Settlements
Zulu Village
Circular Rural Settlements
Kraal village in southern Africa, which have enclosures for the livestock in the center, surrounded by a ring of houses.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

20. Rural Settlement Patterns
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

21. Gewandorf Settlements, Germany
The services present in rural settlements are: 1.Agriculture 2.Personal Services a.Religious Structures b.Schools 3.Handful of Public, Retail, and Producer Services
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

22. Moshav (pictured) or Nahalal in Israel
Clustered rural settlements

23. Linear Rural Settlements
French log-lot system houses were erected along a river, principal water source, Narrow lots – perpendicular to the river so each original settler had river access.
This would later be used in Louisiana by the French.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

24. Clustered Settlements in Colonial America
Public buildings are grouped around a “common” which was used as a pasture.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

25. Services in urban settlements
Differences between urban and rural settlements
Large size
High density
Social heterogeneity
Increasing percentage of people in cities
Increasing number of people in cities
MDCs have higher % of urban residents, but LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

26. Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements
Population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the first time in human history in (urbanization)
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

27. Urban Settlements With Populations of at Least 3 Million
Rapid growth of urban settlements in LDCs reflects increasing overall population plus migration from rural areas.
Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

28. Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
Central place theory
First proposed by Walter Christaller (1930s)
Characteristics
A central place has a market area (or hinterland)
Size of a market area
Range
Threshold

29. “Daily Urban Systems”
Delineated by functional ties, especially commuting, to the nearest metropolitan area. Everyone in the US has access to services in at least one large settlement.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

30. Central Place Theory
Consumer services and business services do not have the same distribution. Consumer services generally follow a regular pattern based on size of settlements. Business services cluster in specific settlements, creating a specialized pattern.
A central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Central places compete against each other. This competition creates a regular pattern of settlements, according to the central place theory.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

31. The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the market area or hinterland . To establish the market area, a circle is drawn around the node. The closer to the periphery of the circle, the greater is the percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodes.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

32. Central Place Theory Why hexagons to delineate market areas?
Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps.
Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center.
The hexagon is a compromise. Offers a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

33. Central Place Theory
Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central place theory, with larger settlements fewer and further apart.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

34. Market-area analysis Profitability of a location
Compute the range- Maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Miles or Time???
Compute the threshold- Minimum number of people needed to support the service. Think: If you were a developer, what would you take into consideration?
Draw the market area
Optimal location within a market
Best location in a linear settlement
Best location in a nonlinear settlement
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

35. According to geographers, the best location is the one that minimizes the distance to the services for the largest number of people.
Gravity Model –
predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

36. Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas
Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.- Why?
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

37. Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service
Geo-Pizza should located between 7th and 6th streets – Why?
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

38. Hierarchy of services and settlements
Nesting
Market areas in MDCs = a series of hexagons of various sizes
Rank-size distribution of settlements – ranking settlements from largest to smaller(population) or hierarchy.
Primate city rule
Primate cities
Periodic markets- services at the lower end of the Central Place Hierarchy
Collection of individuals who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

39. Walter Christaller – Central Place Theory
Nesting
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

40. PRIMATE CITY STATUS
A country’s leading city is always proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant Mark Jefferson
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

41. PRIMATE CITY STATUS Not all countries have a primate city
India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

42. PRIMATE CITY of the World
New York, New York
The City That Never Sleeps!
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

43. RANK-SIZE RULE
The country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. The second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the fourth-largest city is one-fourth the size of the largest, and so on.
- George Zipf
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

44. Rank-Size Distribution in the United States and Indonesia
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

45. RANK-SIZE RULE ? • Paris (2.2 million) vs. Marseilles (800,000)
London (6.9 million) vs.
Birmingham (1 million)
Mexico City (21.8 million)
vs. Guadalajara (3.7 million)
Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

46. Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
Hierarchy of business services
Services in world cities
Business: clustering of services is a product of the Industrial Revolution (transportation and communications)
Consumer: retail services with extensive market areas
May include leisure services of national importance due to large thresholds, large ranges, and the presence of wealthy patrons.
Public: world cities are often the center of national or international political power

47. World Cities
World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

48. Business services in LDCs Offshore financial services (Panama Papers!)
Two functions:
Taxes – low or nonexistent
Privacy - businesses or individuals evade disclosure in their home countries
Back offices - business process outsourcing (BPO) Ex. Call centers.
LDCs are attractive because of:
Low wages
Ability to speak English (many Asian countries)
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

49. Business-Service Cities in the U.S.
Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command and control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent centers.
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

50. Economic base of settlements
Two types:
Basic industries – exports primarily to consumers outside he settlement.
Nonbasic industries – enterprises whose customers live in the same community – consumer services.
Specialization of cities in different services
Distribution of talent
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

51. Economic Base of U.S. Cities
Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the specified economic activity shown.
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

52. Distribution of Talent
Individuals possessing special talents are not distributed uniformly among cities.
The principal reason enticing talented individuals to cluster in some cities more than others is cultural rather than economic.
Significant positive relationship between the distribution of talent and the distribution of diversity in the largest U.S. cities.
Attracting talented individuals is important for a city, because these individuals are responsible for promoting economic growth and innovation.
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

53. Geography of Talent
Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?