1. Classification of Matter

2. Matter vs Energy
Everything in the universe can be classified as either matter or energy!
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

3. The Atom
An Atom is the Smallest Particle of matter that exists are a unit on its own.
2 or more atoms of the same type make up an element.

4. Pure Substances
Atom – Smallest Unit of matter, made of protons, neutrons and electrons.
Element – Made up of atoms of the same element (Found on periodic table)
Compound – Two or more elements chemically combined
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically.
A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements.
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.

6. Solutions A solution is made up of a solute and solvent.
The solute is the substance that dissolves in the solvent. Together they make a Solution.
The most common solvent is water because it dissolves so many different substances.

7. Solubility
Solubility – this is how easily a solute can dissolve in a solvent.
Not all substances are soluble in all compounds.
How does temperature affect solubility? – Think about dissolving sugar in hot Starbucks coffee or cold Starbucks Coffee.
When is the sugar more soluble?
Why?

8. Solubility Cont.
As temperature increases, solubility increases because the kinetic energy of the molecules increases. For many solids dissolved in liquid water, the solubility increases with temperature.
The increase in kinetic energy that comes with higher temperatures allows the solvent molecules to more effectively break apart the solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular attractions.
The increased vibration (kinetic energy) of the solute molecules causes them to dissolve more readily because they are less able to hold together.

10. Phases of Matter
Substance when heated or cooled can change their phase of matter.
There are 4 phases of matter : Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma.
In order to change from one phase of matter to another energy needs to be added or remove from the substance.

11. Phase Changes
When heating or cooling a substance, at times the temperature will rise or fall steadily. When a substances temperature is rising or falling its gaining or losing kinetic energy because its temperature is changing.
The molecules are gaining kinetic energy therefore the temperature is changing
At times, the temperature of a substance will not change.
During these times when it does not change, it is because the substance is going through a PHASE CHANGE. When a substance is going through a phase change it is gaining in potential energy only or losing potential energy only.

12. Particle Theory of Matter
There are forces that hold molecules together called intermolecular forces.
When you heat a molecule the molecules vibrate harder and it puts stress on the forces.
When you cool a molecule the molecules vibrate less hard and the forces are able to overcome the kinetic energy of the molecules and hold the substance more tightly together.
When an object is heated an the kinetic energy of the molecules overcomes the intermolecular forces a phase change takes. Example… Solid to liquid (heating)
When an object is cooled and the kinetic energy of the molecules is overcome by the intermolecular forces a phase change also takes place. Example …. Liquid to Solid (Cooling)

14. Physical and Chemical Changes
A physical Change is when a NO new form of matter forms, but matter takes a different form. Easy to reverse usually. Ex… Melting, Boiling, Freezing, Dissolving etc…
A Chemical Change is when a NEW substance is formed and matter takes a new form. Hard to reverse usually. Ex… Rusting, Combustion, Synthesis etc…

15. Endothermic vs Exothermic Reactions
Endothermic Reaction – A chemical reactions that takes in heat
Exothermic Reaction – A chemical reaction that gives off heat

16. Density, Mass, and Volume
Mass = The amount of matter in a substance, measured in grams or kilograms(g or Kg)
Volume = The amount of space an object takes up, measured in cm3 or m3. can also be measured in militaries or liters. (ml or l)
Density = This is the mass per unit volume, measured in grams per a cm3. (g/cm3)

17. Density and Temperature
In general density decreases with an increase in temperature.
There are exceptions, take water for instance…. Cold liquid water is more dense then solid water (ice) therefore icebergs float in the ocean. This is because of the unique intermolecular forces found within a water molecule called hydrogen bonding.