2. OBJECTIVES At the end of the lecture student should be able to define Exercise Physiology Discuss why you need to study it. Can differentiate between Physical activity and Exercise Physical Fitness and its types

3. H OW DO YOU DEFINE E XERCISE ? It is a Planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful physical activity that maintain or improve one or more of the components of physical fitness. e.g.: training for or performing athletics and sports

4. What is Physical Activity? It is the Body movement produced by muscle action that increases energy expenditure. Physical activity includes exercise as well as other activities which involve bodily movement and are done as part of playing, working, house chores and recreational activities, shopping, gardening, swimming, house keeping and work-related activities, etc

5. Physical activity is a bit broader term that includes not just exercise but things like Walking to class, work, or the store Walking for pleasure Walking downstairs or down a hill

6. P HYSICAL A CTIVITY The term “physical activity” describes many forms of movement, including activities that involve the large skeletal muscles. Activities that involve the small skeletal muscles (e.g. playing board games, drawing, writing) are important, but they do not provide the health benefits of activities that involve the large skeletal muscles and require substantial energy expenditure.

7. P HYSICAL ACTIVITY IS DEFINED BY ITS DURATION, INTENSITY, AND FREQUENCY Duration is the amount of time spent participating in a physical activity session Intensity is the rate of energy expenditure e.g. light or moderate intensity activity Frequency is the number of physical activity sessions during a specific time period (e.g. one week).

8. FITT FORMULA F requency Number of sessions each week I ntensity Degree of effort put forth by the individual during exercise. T ime Duration of activity T ype Mode of exercise being performed

9. W HAT IS E XERCISE P HYSIOLOGY ? The study of how exercise and physical activity alters the structure and function (physiology) of the human body OR The study of how the body (cell, tissue, organ, system) responds in function and structure to acute exercise stress and chronic physical activity OR It is the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide range of exercise condition

10. A CUTE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE How the body responds to an individual bout of exercise such as running on a treadmill for an hour or undergoing a strength training session. An individual bout of exercise is called acute exercise and response to that bout exercise called acute response Acute exercise response: What immediately happens when you begin your routine work out. Your heart rate will go up. Same as your stroke volume (how much blood is pumped from one ventricle during each heart beat) and blood pressure. Body temperature will increase

11. R ESPONSE VS. A DAPTATION Short term change caused by a stimulus Long term change cause by a stimulus A chronic adaptation refers to the long term affects on one or more of the bodies systems as a person sustains their exercise habit.

12. W HY E XERCISE P HYSIOLOGY To understand how the basic physiological functioning of the human body is modified by effects of short- and long- term exercises as well as the mechanisms causing these changes. Provide quality physical education programs in schools colleges and universities that stimulate children and adolescents both physically and intellectually. To become lifelong exercisers, students need to understand how physical activity can benefit them, why they take physical fitness tests, and what to do with fitness test results.

13. Apply the results of scientific research to maximize health, rehabilitation, and/or athletic performance in a variety of populations. Respond accurately to questions as well as recognize myths and misconceptions regarding exercise. Good advice should be based on scientific evidence.

14. I N S HORT W HY E XERCISE P HYSIOLOGY Understand the Effects of various exercises on various systems of the body Relationship of energy metabolism to performance Effectiveness of training programs Effects of environmental factors Effects of individual differences on fitness development and performance Identification of factors that limit performance Effectiveness of various rehabilitation programs Health and therapeutic effects associated with exercise Effects of nutrition on performance

15. S COPE The scope of practice ranges from apparently healthy individuals with no known medical problems to patients with documented cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, rheumatoid, orthopedic, and/or neuromuscular diseases and other conditions Consider the physiological systems: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Renal, GI, Temperature Regulation, Endocrine, Muscle, Bone, Skin, Immune, Metabolism Exercise tends to disturb homeostasis Adaptations of physiological systems tend to minimize this disturbance

16. W HAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS ? Physical fitness is a general state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of sports, occupations and daily activities. Ability of the body’s systems to function efficiently and effectively.

17. P HYSICAL F ITNESS One is “physically fit” if they have the ability to: “Carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with enough energy to enjoy leisure-time Participating in physical activity is beneficial to people of all ages. Physical activity contributes to fitness, a state in which people’s health characteristics and behaviors enhance the quality of their lives Divided in to two areas

18. P HYSICAL F ITNESS

19. A REAS OF F ITNESS Health-related: Cardiovascular Fitness Body Composition Muscular Strength Muscular Endurance Flexibility

20. A REAS OF F ITNESS Performance-related: Agility Balance Coordination Movement time (related to reaction time) Power Speed

21. H EALTH RELATED FITNESS Cardiovascular fitness is the ability of the heart, blood cells and lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement Ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity.

22. Regular exercise makes these systems more efficient to be pumped with each stroke, and increasing the number of small arteries in trained skeletal muscles, which supply more blood to working muscles. Exercise improves the respiratory system by increasing the amount of oxygen that is inhaled and distributed to body tissue. Aerobic activities includes Jogging Running Walking Dancing Biking Swimming

23. B ODY COMPOSITION A physical fitness term for the percentage of fat, bone and muscle in the body. The relative proportions of protein, fat, water, and mineral components in the body. Healthy adults males have 6% to 24% fat; healthy adult females have between 14% and 31% fat. ( Segen's Medical Dictionary. © 2012 Farlex, Inc.) Determined by height and weight tables or BMI

25. B ODY C OMPOSITION I MPROVEMENT Decreasing percentage of fat Decrease caloric intake through diet. Increase caloric expenditure through physical activity and exercise. Moderate decrease in caloric intake and moderate increase in caloric expenditure.

26. Muscular strength: Muscle strength refers to the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximal effort. Size of muscle cells and the ability of nerves to activate them are related to muscle strength. The extent to which muscles can exert force by contracting against resistance (e.g. holding or restraining an object or person) Muscular endurance: Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or group of muscles to sustain repeated contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.

27. Flexibility: It is defined as the range of motion of your joints or the ability of your joints to move freely. It also refers to the mobility of your muscles, which allows for more movement around the joints. Range of motion is the distance and direction your joints can move. Mobility is the ability to move without restriction. Can prevent muscle injuries; improve low-back pain Decreased flexibility can be caused by: Sedentary lifestyle (lack of use of muscles) Age High amounts of body fat Stress

28. P ERFORMANCE - RELATED FITNESS Agility: Ability to change the body's position efficiently, and requires the integration of isolated movement skills using a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, and endurance. Agility is the ability to change the direction of the body in an efficient and effective manner

29. B ALANCE AND COORDINATION Balance is the ability to stay upright or stay in control of body movement, and coordination is the ability to move two or more body parts under control, smoothly and efficiently. There are two types of balance : static and dynamic

30. R EACTION TIME Reaction time is the interval time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the muscular response to that stimulus. A primary factor affecting a response is the number of possible stimuli, each requiring their own response, that are presented.

31. Power: It is the rate of doing work. It is the ability to exert maximum muscular contraction instantly in an explosive burst of movements. It is equivalent to an amount of energy consumed per unit time. The unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt

32. W HAT EXERCISE DO The repeated use of exercise to improve physical fitness Adaptations to Exercise  Acute adaptations  The changes in human physiology that occur during exercise or physical activity.  Chronic Adaptations  The alterations in the structure and functions of the body that occur in response to the regular completion of physical activity and exercise.

33. W HAT DOES TRAINING DO ? Permits adaptations within the physiological systems to minimize the disturbance to homeostasis resulting from exercise

34. W HAT IS C LINICAL E XERCISE P HYSIOLOGY ? A sub-component of exercise physiology that involves the application of exercise physiology principles, knowledge and skills for purposes of the prevention, rehabilitation or diagnosis of disease or disability in humans. Clinical exercise physiologists are responsible for: Exercise testing and evaluation and supervision of safe and effective exercise programs in a healthcare setting