1. What Is Criminal Justice?1
What Is Criminal Justice?

2. The History of Crime
Crime control has been a primary concern of politicians and government leaders worldwide
The 20th & 21st centuries have served as a breeding ground for changes in criminal justice
Adequate law enforcement involves a global effort

3. Events that Changed the Focus of Law Enforcement
1960s and 1970s
The Civil Rights Movement
1980s
“War on Drugs” and emergence of “crack”
1999
Columbine High School massacre
September 11, 2001
Racial profiling, privacy, Patriot Act
2002 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Increase in corporate, white-collar crimes

4. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Individual rights perspective
Protect the personal freedoms within the process of criminal justice
Public order perspective
Under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights

5. Individual Rights vs. Public Order
Criminal justice is an institution of social control
Caught in a balancing act between individual rights and public order
Two models of the criminal justice system:
Crime control model
Due process model

6. Two Models of the Criminal Justice System
Herbert L. Packer, 1968
Crime control
Efficient arrest and conviction
Assembly line justice
Public order
Due process
Individual rights at all stages
Obstacle course justice

7. Definition of Justice Justice
The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity

8. Justice Social justice Civil justice
An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life
Linked to fundamental notions of fairness & cultural beliefs about right & wrong
Civil justice
Fairness in relationships between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters

9. Justice Criminal justice
The criminal law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law
Cannot be separated from social justice because the justice enacted in our nation’s criminal courts reflects basic American understandings of right and wrong

10. Models of Criminal Justice
The Consensus Model assumes that all of the components work together to achieve the social product of justice.
The Conflict Model assumes that all of the components function to serve their own interests and justice is a product of conflict, not cooperation.

11. The American Criminal Justice System
Police
Enforce the laws
Courts
Conduct fair and impartial trials
Corrections
Carry out sentences imposed by the courts

12. Investigation and Arrest
Probable cause
A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent person to believe that a specific person has committed a crime

13. Investigation and Arrest
Warrant
A writ issued in criminal proceedings by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perform a specified act, and protects the officer from any damages related to the act
Arrest
Act of taking an adult or juvenile into custody

14. Miranda Warnings Miranda v. Arizona
Read prior to any questioning of a suspect in a custodial setting
To make sure anything the suspect says from that point forward can be used against the suspect if the case proceeds

15. The Criminal Justice Process
Booking
First appearance - Bail
Preliminary Hearing
Indictment or Information
Arraignment - Enter a plea
Trial
Sentencing
Corrections

16. Due Process Procedural fairness
The U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights
Procedural fairness
Recognizes the individual rights of criminal defendants
Rights violations may become the basis for the dismissal of evidence or of criminal charges, especially at the appellate level

17. Court Procedure Procedural law Precedent
Specifies the type of evidence that may be submitted, the credentials of those allowed to represent the state or the defendant, and what a jury is allowed to hear
Precedent
The understanding built up through common usage and also to decisions rendered by courts in previous cases

18. Appeals
Based on the defendant’s claim that rules of procedure were not followed properly at some earlier stage in the justice process or that the defendant was denied the rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution
Can involve both state and federal jurisdictions

19. Development of Academic Criminal Justice
August Vollmer began criminal justice education
1960s-1970s
Introduction of criminology, NIJ
2011
Evidence-based practice in criminal justice

20. Multiculturism
The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting and participating in the larger society’s legal and political systems
Diversity characterizes both immigrant and U.S.-born individuals