1. Four States Of Matter
Hero’s Steam engine

2. Moving particles make up all matter.
Which particles are moving the fastest?

3. Solids
Solids have definite shape and volume.
Molecules of solids are close together.
Molecules of solids are bound tightly.
Molecules of solids move slower.

4. Two types of solids Crystalline and Amorphous

5. Crystalline Solids
The molecules of crystalline solids are arranged in repeating symmetrical patterns.
Metals
Minerals such as diamond
Salts
Ice

6. Amorphous Solids Amorphous solids have molecules arranged in no pa
rticular order.
Rubber Wax Some plastics

7. Liquid Liquids can change shape.
The volume of a liquid can’t change very much.
Molecules in a liquid move faster.
Molecules in a liquid are close together.
Molecules of liquids are bound loosely

8. Two Properties of Liquids
Surface tension
It’s why water forms round drops. Viscosity It’s why some liquids flow faster than others.

9. Surface Tension
An attractive force exists between molecules of liquids.
This force causes the liquid to form a curved surface or a round drop.
This force varies among different liquids. The greater the surface tension, the greater the curve, or the rounder the drop.

10. Viscosity
The force of attraction between liquid molecules causes the liquid to resist flowing.
High viscosity liquids flow slowly.
Lava
Low viscosity liquids flow faster.
water

11. Gases Gases change shape Gases can change volume.
The volume of gas depends on the volume of the container.
Molecules of gases move fast enough to break away from each other.

12. Gas and Pressure
Gas molecules exert pressure on the sides of whatever is containing it.
Pressure is the amount of force exerted over a given area.
Fast moving molecules of gas colliding against the sides of a container cause this pressure.
The more gas particles in a container, the more collisions, and therefore the higher the pressure.

13. Plasma Plasma is the 4th state of matter.
Plasma is the most common state in the universe. The sun’s corolla is made up of matter in the plasma state. Plasma has no definite shape or volume.
When particles of matter move so fast that the individual particles themselves break apart, then they are in the plasma state.

14. Plasma on Earth Lightning strikes produce plasmas
Aurora Borealis (northern lights)
Florescent lights
Fire

15. Plasma behaves differently than gas.
Plasmas can conduct electric current.
Magnetic fields can affect plasmas.

16. We all know about: SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

17. Will everything just be a gas?
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?

18. PLASMA NO! The 4th state of matter:
If the gas is made up of particles which carry an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA

20. Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames

21. 2. Lightning

22. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

23. 4. Neon lights

24. 5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe. Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.

25. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

26. 6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars

27. So now we know all about four states of matter:
PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)
LIQUIDS
GASES
SOLIDS
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature

28. Is there a 5th state of matter?

29. Bose-Einstein Condensate

30. Will everything just be a frozen solid?
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to 100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a frozen solid?

31. Not Necessarily!
In 1924, two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein
Bose +

32. Ketterle and his students
Finally, in 1995 , Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
Ketterle and his students
The 5th state of matter:
Bose-Einstein Condensate

33. In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as individuals. Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell them apart!

34. Bose-Einstein Condensation
Here is a picture a computer took of
Bose-Einstein Condensation
The big peak happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way!
(We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)

35. Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…

38. To really understand Bose-Einstein condensate you need to know
Quantum Physics

39. In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize

40. The five states of matter:
PLASMAS (only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
LIQUIDS
SOLIDS
GASES
Lower Temperature
Higher Temperature