1. Psychodynamic Perspective
Sigmund Freud
Freud’s Famous Couch

2. Freud Personality set in childhood Psychosexual stage theory
Believed that sexual urges were an important determinate of a person’s personality
Stages named for the erogenous zone involved
An area of the body from which we receive pleasure

3. Freud Oral phase- 0-18 months of life Anal phase- 18 to 24 months
Phallic phase- 3-5 years
Oedipus Crisis /Electra Crisis
Penis Envy
Castration Anxiety ~ Identification
Latency- 5 years-puberty
Genital- Puberty and beyond

4. Freud
Fixations result from psychic energy, or libido, getting stuck at a stage
Oral fixation
Anal retentive
Anal expulsive
We either over or under compensate

5. Freud's Conception of the Human Psyche

6. Personality- Psychodynamic Id
Contains instincts and
psychic energy
Eros/ libido, Thanatos
Exists completely in our unconscious mind
Propelled by the pleasure principle
the principle that the id seeks gratification & fails to distinguish fantasy from reality

7. Personality- Psychodynamic Ego
Partly in the conscious mind~ partly in the unconscious
Driven by the reality principle
The ego is aware of the real environment and the need to fit into it
Delays gratification

8. Personality- Psychodynamic Superego
Partly in the conscious mind~ partly in the unconscious
Our sense of right and wrong
Represents the internalizing of our parents’ rules & the rules of society
Disobeying the superego causes anxiety

9. You are studying for your Psychology exam.
Your id tells you, “Go to sleep. We are tired. This isn’t any fun. Besides, isn’t Lola having a party?”
Your superego replies, “Keep studying. You know it is the right thing to do.”
Your ego compromises, “We’ll study for two hours. Drop by the party and then get to bed.”

10. Superego Id
EGO

11. Defense Mechanisms
Part of the ego’s job is to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts buried in the unconscious mind
This is done with defense mechanisms or behaviors that protect people from anxiety

12. Oedipus Complex Crisis of development (happens around 5)
During the Phallic Stage the child desires opposite sex parent
He fears punishment from same-sex parent, so he represses these desires into unconscious
Boys – Oedipus complex
Girls – Electra complex (Jung)

13. Oedipus Complex
Resolution is a defense mechanism called identification
We become like our same-sex parent, take on their behaviors, values, attitudes, etc.
Freud says this is how we learn our gender roles & conscience.
None of this is conscious but may surface in symbolism in dreams!

14. Resolving the Oedipus Complex
Boy’s sexual impulse directed at mother
Father viewed as rival
Boy fears father will retaliate (castration anxiety)
Resolved by the defense mechanism identification with the aggressor (father)

15. Tapping the Unconsciousness
Projective tests- vague stimulus to look into the unconscious
TAT- Thematic Apperception Test
Rorschach Inkblot
Word Association: I’ll say a word and you say the first word that pops into your head
Analyzing Dreams and fantasies

16. Neo-Freudians-Jung
Agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence
Suggested that the collective unconscious is a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

17. Neo-Freudians
Generally placed more emphasis on the conscious mind in interpreting experience and coping with the environment
Argued that we have more positive motives than sex and aggression

18. Criticisms
Little empirical evidence
Little predictive power
Overestimation of childhood and sex
Sexist-Androcentric

19. Problems with Freudian Psychoanalysis
Freud didn’t conduct controlled experiments. He assumed that case studies could establish whether theories are true or false. However, this is not true.
Freud believed that schizophrenia was a disturbance in the unconscious caused by unresolved feelings of homosexuality. It is a brain disorder related to dopamine.
Scientific research into how memory works does not support the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious mind as a reservoir of repressed sexual and traumatic memories of either childhood or adulthood.

20. Impact Greater on culture than on modern psychology
Terms invented by Freud have entered our language
Prominent role in many of the arts

21. However
Freud should be considered one of our great thinkers because he lead the way in our desire to understand people whose behaviors and thoughts are not considered “normal.”

22. Modern Psychoanalysis
Does help some people
Focuses on affect and expression of emotion.
Explores attempts to avoid distressing thoughts and feelings.
Identifies recurring themes and patterns.
Discusses past experience (developmental focus)
Focuses on interpersonal relations and the therapeutic relationship

24. Sources
Banyard, P. And Grayson, A. (2000) Introducing Psychological Research; Seventy Studies that Shape Psychology, 2nd Edition. London: Macmillan
Myers, David, & Reviews, Cram101. (2009). Outlines and highlights for psychology by david g myers, isbn.
Gross, R. (1999) Key Studies in Psychology, 3rd Edition. London: Hodder and Stoughton
Allpsych
Merriam-Webster
Skeptic’s Magazine