1. LAURIER ERA 1896 - 1911 ELECTION OF 1891
MACDONALD’S CONSERVATIVES & THE ‘NATIONAL POLICY’
PROTECTIVE TARIFFS
SETTLING THE WEST
TRANS-CONTINENTAL RAILROAD
JOHN A. MACDONALD
WILFRID LAURIER
LAURIER’S LIBERALS AND ‘UNRESTRICTED RECIPROCITY’
FREE TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES
CONSERVATIVES WIN BUT THE COUNTRY SLIPS INTO ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

2. 4 SHORT-TERM CONSERVATIVE PRIME MINISTERS FOLLOW MACDONALD’S DEATH
LIBERALS WIN THE ELECTION OF 1896
NO RECIPROCITY
SOME LOOSENING OF TARIFFS
WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC BOOM
GOLD DISCOVERED IN SOUTH AFRICA AND THE KLONDIKE
MOST CURRENCIES ARE ON THE ‘GOLD STANDARD’ SO MORE GOLD MEANS MORE MONEY FOR INVESTMENT
GROWING EUROPEAN CITIES NEED CANADIAN GRAIN
CANADA IN 1905

3. UKRANIAN FARMER IN ALBERTA 1907
MACDONALD’S ‘NATIONAL POLICY’ NOW BEGINS TO TAKE OFF
RAILWAY IS USED SO MUCH THERE ARE BOTTLENECKS
TWO NEW COMPETING LINES ARE ALLOWED TO PROGRESS – OVER THE RESIGNATION OF LAURIER’S TRANSPORT MINISTER
TARIFFS BRING AMERICAN ‘BRANCH PLANTS’ HOMESTEADING FARMERS CAN’T KEEP UP WITH THE DEMAND FOR THEIR WHEAT
CLIFFORD SIFTON, MINISTER OF INTERIOR SEEKS ‘QUALITY’ IMMIGRANTS WHO CAN FARM THE PRAIRIES
NORTHERN EUROPEANS AND UKRANIANS
NOT ASIANS OR AFRICAN AMERICANS
UKRANIAN FARMER IN ALBERTA 1907

4. FIRST NATIONS, CONVINCED TO TURN TO AGRICULTURE DID NOT SHARE IN THE RURAL PROSPERITY
SETTLERS COMPLAINED ABOUT COMPETITION FROM SUCCESSFUL NATIVE FARMERS
BY 1880s NATIVE PRODUCE WAS WINNING AWARDS AT REGIONAL FAIRS
GOVERNMENTS SWAPPED TREATY LANDS SO THAT NATIVES ARE FARTHER FROM RAIL LINES
NEW REGULATIONS PROHIBIT THE PURCHASE OF FARM MACHINERY
GOVERNMENT WANTS NATIVES TO PRACTISE ‘PEASANT AGRICULTURE’
NATIVES REQUIRED TO HAND MAKE HAY FORKS, CARTS AND OTHER IMPLEMENTS
NATIVES WERE NOT ALLOWED TO HOMESTEAD BUT WORKED 40 ACRE PLOTS ON RESERVE
DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS TO DISMANTLE ‘TRIBAL’ OR ‘COMMUNIST’ SYSTEM IN FAVOUR OF INDIVIDUALISM

5. RESOURCE EXTRACTION EMERGES AS A MAJOR INDUSTRY
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER IN ONTARIO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA ALLOWED INDUSTRIES TO LOCATE CHEAPLY IN CANADA
MINING
ORE COULD BE PROCESSED AND SMALLER VOLUME FINISHED PRODUCT SHIPPED TO CUSTOMER
FORESTRY
POWER NOW EXISTED FOR SAWMILLS CLOSER TO THE TIMBER SOURCE
COPPER CLIFF SMELTER, 1892

6. THE WEST PRIOR TO 1900 HAD A SIGNIFICANT FRANCOPHONE ELEMENT
VOYAGEURS
METIS IN MANITOBA AND SASKATCHEWAN
WORKING LANGUAGE AT HUDSON’S BAY FORTS, INCLUDING FORT VICTORIA
MANITOBA SCHOOLS QUESTION 1896
MANITOBA GOVERNMENTABOLISHED THE CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEE OF SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR CATHOLICS
ONCE IN POWER LAURIER REACHES A WEAK COMPROMISE THAT DOES LITTLE TO PROTECT THE METIS & FRENCH CANADIENS
ALBERTA AND SASKATCHEWAN 1905
LAURIER BACKS DOWN FROM HIS PROPOSAL TO PROTECT FRENCH IN THE NEW PROVINCES UNDER PRESSURE FROM HIS CABINET

7. MORE BRITISH TROOPS DIE OF DISEASE THAN WOUNDS
BOER WAR 1899 – 1902
DUTCH SETTLERS IN TRANSVAAL AND ORANGE FREE STATE ATTACK THE BRITISH IN SOUTH AFRICA
CANADIAN PARTICIPATION DEMANDED BY MOST ANGLOPHONES, CONDEMNED BY MOST FRANCOPHONES
LAURIER COMPROMISES BY SENDING ONLY VOLUNTEERS AND HAS BRITAIN PAY THEIR WAY
INTRODUCTION OF GUERILLA WARFARE (DUTCH) AND THE CONCENTRATION CAMP (BRITISH)
MORE BRITISH TROOPS DIE OF DISEASE THAN WOUNDS
20,000 BRITISH KILLED
25,000 BOER CIVILIANS DIED IN CAMPS
15,000 AFRICANS KILLED
7300 CANADIANS WENT TO SOUTH AFRICA
245 DIED (OVER HALF FROM DISEASE)

8. HMCS RAINBOW AT ESQUIMALT
FOREIGN POLICY AND DEFENCE
1903 THE ALASKAN PANHANDLE HAD NOT BEEN DEFINED WHEN THE UNITED STATES PURCHASED IT IN 1867
TO REACH THE YUKON FROM THE PACIFIC CANADA WANTED A BOUNDARY THAT LEFT THE TIP OF SOME INLETS WITHIN CANADA
THE DISPUTE GOES TO A TRIBUNAL - 3 AMERICANS 2 CANADIANS AND 1 BRITON
BRITISH MEMBER SIDES WITH THE AMERICANS RESULTING IN TODAY’S BOUNDARY
CANADIANS FELT BETRAYED AND BECAME DETERMINED TO HAVE THEIR OWN SAY IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS
1905 CANADA ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE NAVAL BASES AT ESQUIMALT AND HALIFAX
FORM A CANADIAN NAVY OR CONTRIBUTE TO BRITAIN’S ROYAL NAVY?
MANY FRENCH CANADIENS WANTED NEITHER
LAURIER COMPROMISES BY INTRODUCING A SMALL CANADIAN NAVY
HMCS RAINBOW AT ESQUIMALT

9. SOME AMERICAN BOASTED THAT RECIPROCITY WOULD LEAD TO ANNEXATION
ELECTION OF 1911
PROSPERITY HAD PASSED RURAL QUEBEC BY
IN THE CITIES OF QUEBEC WEALTH AND OPPORTUNITY WENT TO ANGLOPHONES
FARMERS ARE CALLING FOR AN END TO TARIFFS ON RECIPROCITY
RENEWED AMERICAN INTEREST IN FREE TRADE ALLOWS LAURIER TO OFFER RECIPROCITY AS A POLICY IN THE UPCOMING ELECTION
IN FACT MANY CANADIANS DID NOT WANT FREE TRADE
BRANCH PLANT WORKERS
FARMERS WHO FEARED AMERICAN COMPETITION
SOME AMERICAN BOASTED THAT RECIPROCITY WOULD LEAD TO ANNEXATION
BORDEN WINS THE ELECTION
ENDS UP KEEPING CANADA’S NAVY
LEADS CANADA THROUGH NEW DEPRESSION AND WORLD WAR 1
ROBERT BORDEN