1. Interior Design Materials
College of Engineering
Department of Interior Design
Interior Design Materials
2nd year – 1st Semester
M.S.C. Madyan Rashan
Room No. 232
Academic Year

2. College of Engineering
Department of Interior Design
Metals and Woods

3. Interior Design Materials
Course Name
Interior Design Materials
Course Code
INDS 315
Lecturer in Charge
Asst. Lecturer
Department/College
Interior Design / Engineering
Contact information
Time(in hours) per week
Theory: 2 h.
Keywords
Ferrous Materials, Nonferrous Materials.
Objectives:
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:
Define the Ceramic.
Analyze the type and the use of Ceramic.

4. Metals 2 25/10/2017 concrete based materials ( tiles) 4 Stones, brick
Week
Lecture Date
Number of hours
Topic 1
11/10/2017
2 h
Finish selection and specification
18/10/2017
Sustainable design principles & Existing Buildings and materials. 2 3
25/10/2017
concrete based materials ( tiles) 4
1/11/2017
Stones, brick 5
8/11/2017
Glass And Ceramics 6
15/11/2017
Ceramic 7
26-30/11/2017
Plaster And Gypsum
3-7/12/2017
Metals 8 9
10-14/12/2017
Synthetic Materials ( Plastic) 10
17-21/12/2017
paints and coating and Textile 11
24-28/12/2017
Floor Finishing – wall and window finishes 12
4/1/2018
Ceiling finishes 13
7-11/1/2018
floor finishes

5. Materiality and Interior Construction
Course Reading List and References:
Materials for Interior Environments by Corky Binggely –Wiley publications.
Materiality and Interior Construction
by Nancy Gesimondo.

6. Previous Lecture
Ceramic

7. Metals
Metals are widely used in building construction for both structural and nonstructural applications.
Ferrous metals, copper and its alloys, and aluminum are the most commonly used metals in building interiors.

8. Ferrous Materials
Iron is the principal element in ferrous metals. Iron is the earth ’s most common element. It is the fourth most common element in the earth ’s crust, and is believed to comprise about 80 percent of the earth ’s core.
Ferrous metals are strong in compression, tension, and sheer, making them ideal for structural uses.
Iron is magnetic, a property useful for sorting metals for recycling.

9. Types of Ferrous Metals
Iron is produced as cast iron, wrought iron, and steel.
Cast iron is strong in compression but brittle. It can be cast into ornate and complex designs, and is used for waste plumbing in buildings. Wrought iron is malleable and relatively soft. It is ductile, and is given form by hammering.
Wrought iron is iron that has been heated and then worked with tools. In fact, the term “wrought” derived from the past participle of the word “worked.

10. Steel comprises strong, hard, and elastic alloys of iron
Steel comprises strong, hard, and elastic alloys of iron. It is categorized as either carbon or stainless steel.
Carbon steel is generally any unalloyed steel with limited amounts of residual carbon or other elements. The higher the carbon content, the stronger and harder the steel, and the lower its ductility and ability to be welded.
Stainless steel contains at least 12 percent chromium which produces a corrosion-resistant chromium- oxide fi lm. It is strong and very durable.

11. The mining and processing of metals creates significant environmental impacts, including erosion, the formation of sinkholes, the contamination of groundwater, and the loss of biodiversity.
Reclamation can help heal damaged sites, but rarely replaces the natural beauty that was lost.

12. Interior Applications for Ferrous Metals
Iron and steel are used in interiors where their strength and durability are needed.
Lightweight steel studs are used to build interior walls.
Cast iron is used for cabinet, door, window, and drapery hardware, stairs, and woodstoves.
Wrought iron is used for cabinet and door hardware and accessories, and for furniture.

13. Interior Applications for Ferrous Metals
Steel is used for perforated wall and ceiling panels and suspension systems.
Toilet partitions, lockers, and benches are made with powder coated steel.

14. Interior Applications for Ferrous Metals
Stairs, platforms, walkways, and moveable partition supports are also made of steel.
Stainless steel is used for column covers, railings, and hardware. Wall and countertop surfaces and food preparation equipment are made of stainless steel. It is also used for toilet partitions, furniture, and accessories. Stainless steel fibers scattered in carpets reduce static shock.

15. NONFERROUS METALS
Nonferrous metals contain little or no iron. There are many nonferrous metals; included here are ones often used in building interiors.

16. Properties
Many metals are good conductors of electricity; copper wiring is used to conduct electricity in buildings.
Metals tend to be thermally conductive as well. Because most metals conduct heat rapidly, they tend to draw heat out of the body and feel cool to the touch.
Metals are often lustrous and reflective. Except for copper and gold, metals are silver or gray in color. Metals also have acoustic qualities, and they are used in many musical instruments.
Metals can absorb radiation; for example, lead is used to block x-rays.

17. Properties
Aluminum, copper, bronze, and brass are the most common nonferrous metals used in building interiors.
Other metals with important interior uses include chromium, gold and silver, nickel, tin, titanium, and zinc.

18. Aluminum
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth ’s crust, but it is always found combined with other minerals.
Aluminum is a silver-white metallic element that is ductile, malleable, soft, flexible, and easy to fabricate. Although it is lightweight, it is quite strong.
An excellent thermal and electrical conductor, aluminum resists corrosion and is nonmagnetic.

19. Aluminum
The process of making aluminum uses very large amounts of electrical energy.
Aluminum has one of the highest levels of embodied energy for a building material, hundreds of times that of wood.
Recycling uses only 5 percent of the energy required for primary production of aluminum.

20. Alucobond
Also commonly referred to as "Diabond" or "ACM", aluminum composite panels consist of two aluminum cover sheets and a core made of low density polyethylene.

21. Copper is a naturally occurring reddish- orange element that is readily available, easily fabricated, and generally corrosion- resistant.
Copper has high ductility, malleability, and thermal and electrical conductivity.
Copper is alloyed with zinc, tin, aluminum, nickel, and silicon to produce various bronzes and brasses. The term bronze covers a variety of alloys of copper. The metal most often added to copper to produce bronze is tin, although phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon may also be used.

22. Copper is necessary to human health and is generally considered safe for contact with food.
Copper and its alloys have antimicrobial properties, making it a preferred material for health care
applications. Bronze and brass are considered nontoxic and safe to use.

23. Chromium
Chromium is a steel-gray, lustrous, and hard metal that takes a high polish .
There are two principal types of chromium.
Trivalent Cr(III) chromium is used in decorative finishes and is not generally considered to be hazardous to human health.
Hexavalent chromium or Cr(VI) is toxic, and its production is regulated; it is not used as a decorative finish.

24. Gold and Silver Gold in pure form is relatively soft and malleable.
Gilding is the application of gold leaf or powder to a solid surface to produce a thin decorative coating.
Gold and silver fibers have been used for centuries to decorate fabrics. They continue to be used in contemporary metallic textiles.

25. Nickel
Nickel is a hard, silvery-white metal that is malleable and ductile. It polishes well and does not tarnish.
New and recycled nickel is used in the production of stainless steel. Nickel alloys with copper, chromium, aluminum, lead, cobalt, silver, and gold. It is used as a base for chromium plating. Nickel produces a green color in glass.

26. Titanium
Titanium was first isolated in 1791, and pure titanium was first produced in It was used in the aerospace industry in the 1950s, and is today used as a building material.
Titanium is light, strong, lustrous, and corrosion-resistant; its hard, smooth surface keeps other materials from sticking. It is as strong as steel but much less dense.

27. Titanium
Titanium develops a very thin, conductive, oxide surface film at high temperatures and resists tarnishing at room temperatures.
Titanium has high levels of embodied energy. It is fully recyclable, but the cost of reworking recycled waste is quite high.

30. Wood
Wood is a natural building material that is lightweight and easy to work.
Wood is part of a tough, fibrous, cellular living organism, and no two pieces are exactly alike.
Throughout history, wood has been valued for its beauty, strength, and workability.

31. Manufacturing Solid Wood
Solid wood used for construction and framing is referred to as “lumber,” and starts out as a tree that is felled, cut, and dried. It is then processed into dimension lumber , veneer, or wood panel products.

32. Interior Applications for Solid Wood
Wood Flooring
Wood flooring is available as solid hardwood and prefinished engineered wood floors. Engineered wood flooring is made of layers of wood glued together like plywood, rather than solid wood. Solid wood hardwood flooring is durable, long lasting, warm, and beautiful. Solid wood flooring should not be used in wet locations.

33. Installing Solid Wood
Because buildings under construction go through a range of moisture levels, it is best to install wood flooring when the moisture levels are as close to normal as possible, typically near the end of construction.
Seasonal use of an HVAC system can raise or lower the relative humidity significantly.
Wood flooring should be stored where it is to be installed to acclimate to a building ’s moisture level.

34. WOOD VENEER
Wood veneers are very thin slices of wood that are applied to the surfaces of furniture, decorative objects, and wall paneling.
By slicing a log of valuable wood into thin layers, the log can yield a large amount of veneer.

35. Types of Wood Veneer
Raw wood: veneer is the most common type for exotic wood species and fi gured woods; it has no backing and either side can be exposed.
Shop-sawn: veneers are cut by individual craft workers.
Backed veneers: are most often backed with paper, but may also have foil, wood, or phenolic backing.
reconstituted veneers :Flexible wood veneer sheets for curved surfaces are produced by bonding veneers to a resin-saturated backer sheet that prevents adhesives and finishes from penetrating Reconstituted (composite) veneers are 90 percent wood, plus glue

36. Manufacturing Wood Veneer
Veneer is prepared by slicing thin layers from a log. The
veneer slices are numbered and stacked in the order that they are cut, in a series called a flitch .

37. Interior Applications for Wood Veneer
Veneers are applied to dimensionally stable substrates, including plywood, particleboard, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Softwood veneers are used for inexpensive grades of plywood.

38. Interior Applications for Wood Veneer
Hardwood veneered panels are used for doors, cabinets, parquet floors, furniture parts, and architectural millwork. Veneers are typically reserved for flat surfaces, with solid wood at wear points sucas edges, legs, and corners.
Flexible veneers reinforced with paper or fiber backings can be molded onto profiled MDF or plywood . The veneers are attached with adhesive.

39. Installing Wood Veneer
Veneer installation offers opportunities for matching patterns. Finishing veneer is similar to finishing solid wood; however, maintenance of thin veneer surfaces requires more care. Veneer panels should be acclimatized before installation. They are usually conditioned in an environmentally controlled area for around two days to allow temperature and moisture differences to balance.
Veneer is applied to a prepared surface with adhesive.

40. WOOD PANEL PRODUCTS
Sheets of wood panel products are made of layers (plies) or particles of wood and adhesives. They
provide flat surfaces wider than those available with solid wood.

41. Properties
Wood panel products are less susceptible to shrinking or swelling, require less labor to install, and make more efficient use of wood resources than solid wood products
Particleboard has a tendency to swell and disintegrate when wet. Oriented strand board (OSB) adhesives give it resistance to edge swelling. Standard hardboard has low water resistance; tempered hardboard is denser and more water-resistant.

42. Plywood
Plywood is made of an uneven number of layers of wood products glued together

43. Fiberboards and Overlays
Fiberboards are made of wood fibers and typically have a smooth flat surface. Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)
is made from softwood fibers combined with wax and a
resin adhesive, and formed into panels

44. Fiberboards and Overlays
Medium-density overlay (MDO) is made from standard grade MDF bonded to a plywood core.
The smooth flat surface finishes well. MDO is heavy and stiff with good strength. It is used for cabinets, built-ins, paneling, shelving, partitions, and signage.
High-density overlay (HDO) is lightweight and stable with high strength. HDO is used for wainscoting and partitions.

45. Particleboard
Particleboard is more dimensionally stable than most wood panel products. It is made by bonding small wood particles with resin under heat and pressure.

46. Hardboards
Hardboard is made of wood fibers that are highly compressed into a very homogenous board with no grain Hardboard is stiff and relatively hard with very low strength.

47. Oriented Strand Board
Oriented strand board (OSB) is made from large, thin wood chips oriented for maximum strength under heat and pressure using a waterproof adhesive. It has a rough surface not intended to be finished, but it can be painted. OSB is strong and heavier than plywood. OSB is used as floor underlayment and sometimes as an interior finish.

48. Wood Fiber Panels
Wood fiber (excelsior) panels are made from air-dried aspen, with magnesium, sodium silicate, and calcium carbonate binders. Wood fiber panels are acoustically absorbent, and can be painted multiple times without loosing their acoustical properties.
They are used as abuse-resistant wall and ceiling panels.