1. Adverbs -OSUS Ablative of Accompaniment
Lessons 23 and 24
Adverbs
-OSUS
Ablative of Accompaniment

2. Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs. Adverbs answer the question “how”?
She sings beautifully. (How does she sing? Beautifully!”)
He runs quickly. (How does he run? Quickly!)

3. How To Make-Ur-Own Homemade Adverbs
Step one: find an adjective.
(Those are the –us,-a,-um words)
latus, lata, latum: wide

4. Make-Ur-Own Adverbs (cont.)
Step 2: Drop the feminine –a ending.
(The feminine form is the middle –a form)
latus, lata, latum
LATA -A = LAT-

5. Make-Ur-Own Adverbs (cont.)
Step 3: Add an –e to your stem. (In other words, you’re replacing the –a with an –e.)
LAT E === LATE

6. Make-Ur-Own Adverbs (cont.)
Step 4: Translate your adverb into English by adding an –ly.
LATE: === WIDELY

7. Voila! Adverbs!
So, the adjective latus, -a, -um: wide becomes the adverb late: widely.
Your turn!
Make the following adjectives into adverbs, Latin and English.

8. You Can Do It! tardus, tarda, tardum: slow TARDE: SLOWLY
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful
PULCHRE: BEAUTIFULLY
altus, alta, altum: deep
ALTE: DEEPLY

9. -OSUS
Sometimes the suffix “-osus” is added to Latin nouns to turn them into adjectives.
-osus means “full of…”
victoria: victory
victoriosus: full of victory
gloria: glory
gloriosus: full of glory

10. -OSUS The suffix “-osus” comes into English as “-ose” and “-ous.”
victorious
glorious
verbose

11. Fun Latin Pun!
The famous Roman poet, Horace, had a school teacher named Orbilius.
Orbilius was known for beating students who arrived late. A strike with a whip or stick is called a “plaga”.
Horace nicknamed his teacher “Plagosus Orbilius.” What does that mean?

12. Ablative of Accompaniment
The word “cum” (“with”) is used when “with” means “together with” or “along with.”
The noun that comes after “cum” must be in the ablative case.
Ablative case endings: -a, -o, -is (plural)

13. Examples of Ablatives of Accompaniment
The girl walks with the boy.
Puella cum puero ambulat.
The Romans fought with the barbarians.
Romani cum barbaris pugnaverunt.
I am talking with the teacher.
Cum magistra dico.

14. Accompaniment vs. Means
Ablative of Accompaniment: shows “together with” someone, uses “cum” for “with”
Ablative of Means: shows by or with which something is done, does not use “cum” for “with.” The “with” is understood in the Latin.

16. Examples of Ablatives of Means
The girl is walking with a crutch.
The Romans fought with swords.
Romani gladiis pugnaverunt.
Note that the Latin doesn’t use “cum” here. You have to add it in the English.