1. Muscles Read pages 31 -35 in your shark book

2. Muscles Types of muscles Skeletal Locomotion - movement Posture
Generation of Heat
Support Joints
Tendons
Ligaments
Cardiac
muscles of the heart
involuntary
pumps blood throughout the body

3. Cardiac/Smooth Muscle
involuntary
controls the contractions of the blood vessels
forces blood through arteries/veins
lines the outside of certain organs
stomach – aids in digestion of food

4. Skeletal Muscles Muscle Movement Attach at no less than 2 points
Origin
Where the muscle is attached to the least movable bone (skeleton)
Insertion
Attached to bone that moves toward the origin
Action
Result of movement
Voluntary Actions

5. Skeletal Muscles Muscles can only contract Abductors
move away from midline
Adductors
move toward midline
Flexors
reduce angle
Extensors
increase angle
Protractors
move limb forward
Refractors
move limb backward

6. Action of Muscles Flexion bend at a joint Extension
straighten, increasing the angle
Adduction
move appendage toward sagittal midline
Abduction
move appendage away the sagittal midline
Supination
turn palm of hand upward
walk on outside of foot
Pronation
turn palm of hand downward
walk on inside of foot
Rotation
move structure about a point

7. Action of Muscles Circumduction
when distal end describes a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

8. Muscles = Myotomes (Myomeres)
Epaxial
above the horizontal septum
Hypaxial
below the horizontal septum
Branchial
area of the gills
Opening and closing of gill pouches during exchange of gases during respiration
Hypobranchial
area of the pharynx
Opening mouth for swallowing

9. Branchiometric Muscles
Muscles of the gill (branchial) and head
Specialized muscles to open and close the gill pouches
as well as the opening and closing of the jaw
3 main groups
Constrictors
help with gill muscles, gill pouches
Levators
raise jaw and 5 gill arches
Interarcuals
act on the gill arch cartilages

10. Branchiometric Muscles
Adductor Mandibulae
large muscle below spiracle
closes the jaw
Intermandibularius
ventral surface
posterior to the jaw
elevates the floor of the mouth to force water out of gill slits

11. Axial Muscles Skeletal muscles of trunk and tail Horizontal septum
anchored to the dorsal and ventral ribs
myosepta
Linea alba
connective tissue
ventral hypaxial muscles that meet at the midline

12. Appendicular Muscles Operate the pelvic and pectoral fins
Dorsal extensors
Elevator
Pectoral abductor
Ventral flexors
Depressor
Pectoral adductor