1. Age of Exploration

2. Motives for Exploration
God - to convert non-Christians throughout the world
Glory - to gain fame
Gold - to secure control of lucrative spice trade

3. Technological Advances
Astrolabe – location north/south of equator
Compass – magnetic compass invented by Chinese
Caravel – a new ocean going ship
Improved understanding of wind patterns
New improved maps

4. Portugal Looked Eastward
Prince Henry the Navigator – school for exploration (1419)
Bartolomeu Dias – rounded tip of Africa (1487)
Vasco de Gama – reached India (1498)

5. Spain Looked Westward
Christopher Columbus – Italian, sailing for Spain, who sought westward route to Asia; made landfall in Caribbean (1492)
Second voyage took fleet of 17 ships and settlers to colonize the newly found lands
Total of 4 voyages – Columbus did realize he had encountered a new world

6. Columbus's Four Voyages

7. Other Voyages of Exploration

8. Land of Demarcation and
Treaty of Tordesillas
Hoping to keep peace between Spain and Portugal, Pope Alexander VI divided world with imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean. According to Line of Demarcation, Spain received lands to west; Portugal received lands to the east
Treaty of Tordesillas moved the line farther to the west, which allowed Portugal to lay claim to modern day Brazil.

9. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
Portuguese – established first trading posts in India, Malacca, Spice Islands
Spain lay claim to Philippines
East India Companies; Dutch, English, French

10. Global Trade
Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals which occurred during the colonization of the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange.

11. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

12. Commercial Revolution
The influx of gold and silver from the Americas to Europe coupled with the tremendous growth in overseas trade led to the Commercial Revolution.
New business and trade practices of the 16th and 17th centuries lay the foundation for current financial practices.

13. Capitalism: economic system based on private ownership and investment of wealth for profit.
The shift to capitalism began with the merchants of Renaissance Italy and grew with the globalization of the 16th and 17th centuries.

14. Joint-Stock Companies
Similar to modern corporations
Liability limited by selling shares in the company
Thus investors shared in both losses and profits
Most common purpose was to establish overseas colonies.

15. Inflation: decrease in value of money (occurred when tons of gold and silver flooded the European market) coupled with rising demand for goods and services (European population was expanding after recovering from the plague) led to inflation.

16. Mercantilism: Based on the belief that there is a fixed amount of gold and silver in the world. For your country to be powerful it had to possess more gold and silver than the other countries.

17. How to get more of the gold and silver?
Acquire colonies for their raw materials
Limited colonies purchases to only goods made in the mother country
Place high tariffs/taxes on imported goods
Grant subsidies to new business to help your country become self-sufficient
Seek a Favorable Balance of Trade – export more than you import

18. The Atlantic
Slave Trade

19. Why was there
a need to
enslave Africans
and bring them
to America?

20. Evolution of Slavery

21. Slavery began with the Neolithic Revolution.
Race has not always been a factor in slavery
Slavery that developed in the Americas was largely based on race
Europeans viewed Africans as inferiors and thus in the Americas slavery became hereditary

22. Slavery in Africa

23. Existed since advent of agriculture
Increased with spread of Islam; Africans who converted to Islam believed it was acceptable to take non-Muslim prisoners of war as slaves
1000’s of Africans were shipped to SW Asia as slaves; worked as domestic servants
In Muslim societies, slaves had some legal rights and opportunity for social mobility.
In Muslim societies slavery was not hereditary

24. Europe
and the
African Slave Trade

25. European Involvement in African Slave Trade
Portuguese were the first to engage in African slave trade
Brought a limited number of slaves to Europe where they worked as servants for the wealthy
However slavery expanded rapidly with the colonization of the new world.

26. With the loss of native labor, Europeans turned to Africans. Why?
Africans had been exposed to many European diseases and had some immunity.
Africans had experience in farming and thus could easily learn to do large-scale farming
Africans would not be familiar with the new world and this would reduce their chances of escape
Spaniards took the lead in bringing slaves to the Americas. With growth of sugar market and the sugar plantations in the Caribbean and South America the number of slaves taken to the Americas swelled. (about 10 million total)

27. The Triangular Trade

28. The Triangular Trade – trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa.
Middle Passage – the voyage from Africa to the Americas
Carried slaves to first the West Indies and then to North and South America
Journey was horrendous
Once in the Americas they were treated like cattle at an auction
Worked long hours and given only enough to keep them productive. Those who tried to escape were severely punished.

29. Consequences of
Slavery

30. On Africa
Numerous cultures lost generations of their fittest members
Families were torn apart and most were never reunited
Introduced guns which helped to spread wars and conflicts

31. On America
Africans contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas
Labor of Africans helped many agricultural based colonies to survive
Africans introduced new farming techniques; i.e. new rice growing techniques introduced in South Carolina
Africans introduced their art, music, and food which has continued to influence American society.