1. Stormageddon, Mark Suminski, Kenza Abdallaoui
Eisenhower
Stormageddon, Mark Suminski, Kenza Abdallaoui

2. Four Questions
How did the National Federal Highway Act of 1956 and suburbanization connect to one another and in relation to the Cold War?
To what extent did Eisenhower help or hinder the Civil Rights Battle? How can his views be compared or contrasted to those he held for the statehood of Hawaii and Alaska?
Describe America’s relationship with Latin America with reference to the Bracero Program/Operation Wetback and the visit to Latin America by Nixon.
Outline Eisenhower’s New Look Policy and its implications about other US economic and militaristic policies of the time.

3. Domestic Policies National Highway Defense Act of 1956 Civil Rights
Bracero Program/Operation Wetback
St. Lawrence Seaway
White Flight --- Suburbanization
Alaska and Hawaii Statehood
Latin America and Eisenhower
Health, Education, Welfare (HEW)

4. National Hwy Defense Act 1956
Federal Highway Act of 1956
Based on economic and militaristic reasons
Came into law on June 29, Largest public works project ever proposed.
Positive role of the government

5. Civil Rights Eisenhower did not question segregation
Cooperation of the White South as well.
Did not support the 1957 Civil Rights Bill
Dr. King on June 23, 1958, accomplished nothing.

6. St. Lawrence Seaway
Significant public works by opening the Great Lakes to ocean traffic. Passed into law on May 13, 1954
National security and Canadians
Officially opened on June 26, Runs a total of 2,275 miles with 50 million metric tons of shipping annually.

7. White Flight --- Suburbanization
Suburbs 7x as fast as central areas
Rapid economic growth, population boom, and federal spending on highways
Reduce urban vulnerability to attack by dispersal

8. Alaska and Hawaii Statehood
Supported Hawaii, reservation of Alaska.
Hawaii - diverse and unique racial background and culture Alaska - majority White population and unstrategic location
Compromise on Alaska
Both states were approved for statehood in 1958

9. Health, Education, Welfare (HEW)
Similar to what people received in the Army
Government should provide more additional benefits to the American people
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), increased minimum wage and expanded Social Security,

10. Bracero Program/Operation Wetback
An immigration law enforcement initiative - Joseph Swing
Illegal border crossing and illegal residence in the US
Operation Wetback
Total of 1,078,168 apprehensions in the first year of the operation

11. Latin America and Eisenhower
Nixon tour LA in threatened, spat on, and mobbed
Inter-American Development Bank $500 million.
Alarmed by Fidel Castro’s rise to power
“Training a paramilitary force of Castro’s opponents”

12. Cold War Policies New Look Policy NSC-162/2 NORAD
CIA Coup in Guatemala
Nixon’s Visit to Latin America
Khrushchev’s Visit to the US
Cuban Revolution
Domino Theory

13. New Look
Frugality became the paramount concern for Eisenhower’s term, contrary to the economically exhaustive policies of the Truman years
Insular domestic economy in response to the growing Cold War tensions
The nation and the federal government supported a shift towards nuclear-oriented military networks

14. NSC 162/2 National Security Council Paper 162/2
Heavily reflective of New Look’s shift towards an expanding nuclear arsenal
Maintained a clear consideration of the balance between the needs for a strong military and economy

15. NORAD National American Air Defense Command
Created as a result of the fear of Communism, and to “promote” the safety and sovereignty of North America.
Announced 8/1/1957
Created with the help of Canadian prime minister, John Diefenbaker.

16. CIA Coup in Guatemala
Eisenhower/U.S. government were scared of the newly elected government in Guatemala spreading Communism
Covert operation created to “fight the war on communism.”
Eisenhower gave the “ok,” for the U.S.-backed invasion of Guatemalan troops on president Arbenz.

17. Nixon’s Visit to Latin America
L.A. was frustrated with the turned backs of the U.S. government - focused on fighting communism. (needed economic assistance, other basic necessities).
Vice President Nixon’s car was attacked when he came to Caracas, Venezuela.
Eisenhower scheduled to get Nixon out of L.A. quickly, due to rising concerns of his safety.

18. Khrushchev Visits the US
Fronted both as a diplomatic visit and leisure trip
Stops in New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Des Moines gave an in-depth experience to American culture
Concluded with a diplomatic summit at Camp David
Although little concrete resolutions were reached, Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to keep communication open as a means of “peaceful co- existence”

19. Cuban Revolution
Eisenhower wanted to hurt Cuba economically after Castro came to power.
No more buying raw materials from Cuba, such as sugar cane.
The plan backfired, with Cuba striking deals with other countries, like the U.S.S.R.
This worried Eisenhower, and caused him to make overthrowing the new Cuban government his #1 priority.

20. Domino Theory
Political theory referring to the belief that if one country in a region fell under communist rule, the rest would continue in a domino-like fashion
Given as justification for the Korean and Vietnam conflicts, as well as involvement in Latin American revolutions

21. Four Questions
How did the National Federal Highway Act of 1956 and suburbanization connect to one another and in relation to the Cold War?
To what extent did Eisenhower help or hinder the Civil Rights Battle? How can his views be compared or contrasted to those he held for the statehood of Hawaii and Alaska?
Describe America’s relationship with Latin America with reference to the Bracero Program/Operation Wetback and the visit to Latin America by Nixon.
Outline Eisenhower’s New Look Policy and its implications about other US economic and militaristic policies of the time.

22. Bibliography
Stephen Sestanovich, Maximalist: America in the World From Truman to Obama (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2014),
Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower: In War and Peace (New York: Random House, 2012), ,
P.G. Boyle, Eisenhower (New York: Routledge, 2014), unknown.
Kathleen A. Tobin, “The Reduction of Urban Vulnerability: Revisiting 1950s American Suburbanization as Civil Defence,” Cold War History 2 (2002): 1-2.
Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. “Dwight D. Eisenhower: Domestic Affairs.” Accessed March 7,
Winkler, David F; Webster, Julie L (June 1997). Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (Report). U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories.
Kate Doyle, CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents (National Security Briefing Book No. 4)