1. Human Trafficking: Modern Day Slavery
Central Ohio
Rescue & Restore Coalition
Introductions
Intro to speakers
Who has attended an HT training before?
Seen something about HT on TV lately?
Think you have encountered a trafficked person?

2. What is Human Trafficking?
A form of modern-day slavery
Exploitation of men, women and children for commercial sex or labor purposes.
The second largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world.
The U.N. Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking estimated last year that annual profits from trafficked, forced labor is around $31.6 billion
Second largest criminal industry in the world and the fastest growing
When someone's body or labor capabilities is being controlled and used to completely benefit another through profit.

3. Human Trafficking Pre-Test
1.) To be considered a victim of trafficking one must be transported across state or country borders (T/F)?
2.) Generally Human Trafficking is an international issue most often present in underdeveloped countries (T/F)?
3.) There are multiple forms of human trafficking and victims may fall in multiple categories (T/F)?
4.) Under the Federal definition, trafficked persons can only be foreign nationals (immigrants from other countries) (T/F)?
5.) Human Trafficking and “Smuggling” humans are considered to be different crimes (T/F)?
6.) Currently there are countries where “slavery” is legal (T/F)?
7.) The terms “pimp” and “trafficker” are synonymous (T/F)?
8.) For a person to be convicted of sex/labor trafficking they must use physical force/brutality against their victim (T/F)?
9.) There is estimated to be more humans living in slavery now than when it was legalized in America (T/F)?
10.) If you are arrested for prostitution/soliciting and you are under the age of 18 are you automatically considered to be a victim of sex trafficking (T/F)?

4. Through the Eyes of Victims
“Not My Life”

5. Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000
“Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons” defined as:
Sex Trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act , in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years; or
Labor Trafficking: the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery.
In October 2000, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) (Public Law ) was enacted. Prior to that, no comprehensive Federal law existed to protect victims of trafficking or to prosecute their traffickers.
Prior to its passage, no federal legislation existed criminalizing human trafficking in the US\
TVPA goals:
Prevent human trafficking overseas
Protect victims and help them rebuild their lives in the U.S. with Federal and state support
Prosecute traffickers of persons under stiff Federal penalties
Reauthorized in 2008: H.R. 7311: William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008
The law defines three aspects of human trafficking: The Criminal Acts, the Means by which trafficking takes place and the Purpose, which is the commercial exploitation of human beings.

6. Two Broad Categories of Human Trafficking
Sexual Trafficking:
Prostitution
Pornography
Stripping
Lap Dancing
Live-Sex Shows
Mail-order Brides
Child Brides
Labor Trafficking:
Domestic Service
Sweat Shops/Factories
Begging
Agricultural Work
Mining
Brick Kilns
Child Soldiers
Most of these activities would not automatically be considered human trafficking, particularly with adults. For example, not everyone working in domestic service is trafficked, and not everyone working as a lap-dancer is trafficked. However, these activities represent setting where human trafficking is frequently found.
Organ Trafficking: World Health Organization estimates that one fifth of the 70,000 kidneys transplanted worldwide every year come from the black market

7. International Scope of Trafficking
About 800,000 men, women and children are trafficked across international borders each year.
The International Labor Organization estimates that 12.3 million people are living in slavery around the globe today.
Annually, up to 17,500 individuals are trafficked into the US from other countries.
Approximately 80 percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors.
US Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2008
US State Department Trafficking in Persons Report 2008
A wide range of estimates exists on the scope and magnitude of modern-day slavery. The International Labor Organization (ILO)—the United Nations agency charged with addressing labor standards, employment, and social protection issues—estimates that there are 12.3 million people in forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor, and sexual servitude at any given time; other estimates range from 4 million to 27 million.

8. The Protection Project www.protectionproject.org
This map illustrates trafficking routes into and out of the US. Each arrow represents at least one confirmed case of human trafficking.
The Protection Project
Johns Hopkins University

9. Labor trafficking

10. What is Labor Trafficking?
Using force, fraud or coercion to recruit, harbor, transport, obtain or employ a person for labor or services in involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery
Victims can be found in domestic situations such as:
Nannies
Maids,
Sweatshop factories
Janitorial jobs,
Construction sites,
Farm work,
Restaurants,
Panhandling
Recruitment Countries:

11. Vulnerability Factors: Labor Trafficking
High unemployment
Poverty
Crime
Discrimination
Corruption
Political Conflict
Cultural Acceptance of Practice
US Trafficking in Persons Report, 2008

12. Debt Bondage Illegal in the United States.
Considered trafficking-related exploitation by the United Nations TIP Protocol.
Trafficking victims must reimburse his/her traffickers for travel, room and board, hygiene and other personal items.
Amount to be repaid is set by the traffickers.

13. Who Are The Traffickers?
Organized crime
Neighbors, friends, family members, village chiefs
Agricultural operations
Business owners
Families
In June 2008, a magistrate judge from Atlanta and his son, a deputy sheriff, and his son’s wife were indicted by a federal grand jury on human trafficking charges involving a nanny from India. These 3 conspired to induce the victim, a woman from India, to enter the US under false pretenses to be a nanny for the couple’s children. Once she was here, the Garretts stopped paying the nanny, kept her under close watch and forced her to work in their home for 16 hours a day. They threatened to malign her family in India if she tried to go to authorities. Eventually, she escaped the home through the help of a neighbor.

14. Sex Trafficking
Commercial Sex act induced by force, fraud, coercion, or in which the individual is under the age of 18

15. Sex Trafficking in the US?
Each year an estimated 100,000 to 300,000 US children are at high risk of commercial sex exploitation.
According to the Ernie Allen, Executive Director of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, at least 100,000 US children are caught up in child prostitution
Average age of entry into prostitution is 12 to 14.
Studies suggest that up to 90% of runaway youth become involved in the commercial sex industry.
Estes, R., & Weiner, N. A. (2001) Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico
Shared Hope International, Demand: A Comparative Examination of Sex Tourism and Trafficking in Jamaica, Japan, The Netherlands, and the United States
US Department of Justice.
Congressional Victims Rights Caucus and Congressional Trafficking Caucus July 21, 2009.
According to the National Runaway Switchboard, there are between 1,600,000 and 2,800,000 runaway and/or homeless youth in the United States everyday.[1]
Children are recruited from inner cities, suburbs, and small towns. (Runaway Switchboard)
Within 48 hours of running away, 1 out of 3 children is approached by someone involved in the commercial sex industry (National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Throwaway Youth). 15

16. Factors Associated with Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
Use of prostitution by runaway and thrownaway children to provide for subsistence needs
Presence of pre-existing adult prostitution markets in communities where large numbers of street youth are concentrated
Prior history of child sexual abuse and child sexual assault
Poverty
Estes, R., & Weiner, N. A. (2001) Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico
Listed in the order of frequency with which they have been identified in the scholarly literature,
child sexual exploitation appears to be fueled by:

17. Factors Associated with Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
Large numbers of unattached and transient males in local communities including military personnel, truckers, and conventioneers.
Membership in gangs
Promotion of child prostitution by parents, older siblings and boy friends
Recruitment by organized crime units
Estes, R., & Weiner, N. A. (2001) Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., Canada and Mexico
Listed in the order of frequency with which they have been identified in the scholarly literature,
child sexual exploitation appears to be fueled by:

18. Pimp Control/Traffickers
Pimps are masters of the art of seduction; they are able to identify the vulnerabilities of a specific child and exploit them.
Once seduced, pimps use torture tactics to control their victims.
Such tactics consistently lead to complete obedience and a breakdown of personal agency and autonomy.
These behaviors include both physical and psychological torture.
Pimps use the increased glamorization of pimp/ho culture, as well as cultural acceptance of demand for child victims, to help maintain control of the child.
Dr. Celia Williamson, University of Toledo and Second Chance

19. HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN OHIO
"Ohio is not only a destination place for foreign-born trafficking victims, but it's also a recruitment place"
-Celia Williamson, associate professor at the University of Toledo

20. Human Trafficking in Ohio
According to the Polaris Project, Ohio ranks 7th in the number of calls placed to the National hotline between 12/07 and 6/09.
The FBI identified Toledo, Ohio as “the top U.S. recruitment city for trafficking children into the sex industry”
Ohio is said to be the 5th Leading state in Human Trafficking by Mark Logan

21. Why Ohio? Proximity to Canada/Toronto Extensive highway system
- I-71/I-75 & I-70
Growing immigrant community allows traffickers to hide victims in plain sight
- 30% Increase between
Poverty among minorities, women and children
Wright Patterson Air Force Base
- Largest concentration of strip clubs in the state
Migrant Labor
Polaris Project
Wright Patterson creates large demand for sex trafficking

22. Ohio Attorney General Richard Cordray Human Trafficking Study Commission
Purpose
To understand the problem of HT in Ohio
To make recommendations about ways to strengthen Ohio’s response to the problem
Committees
Victim Services
Legislation
Public Awareness
Law Enforcement Training
Research

23. Report on the Prevalence of Human Trafficking in Ohio, February 2010
Ohio Trafficking in Persons Study Commission Research and Analysis Sub-Committee
Conservative Estimate: At least 6,316 Ohioans are at risk of being trafficked and at least 1,861 are believed to be trafficked in Ohio today.
This estimate does not include domestic adults who are victims of sex trafficking.
In 2007/2008, Central Ohio law enforcement filed 3,575 prostitution charges. 35 arrests for “Johns”

24. Examples of Central Ohio HT Cases - CORRC
Foreign national woman married to US citizen who forced her into domestic servitude.
Latina woman trafficked in a brothel.
Foreign national woman sexually trafficked by her husband.
Undocumented immigrants trafficked in ethnic restaurant.
14 year old American girl prostituted by a gang.
Since July 2008, The Salvation Arm/CORRC has provided services to 85 victims of human trafficking.
With the exception of the Russian immigrants, all of the victims sought help from the Central Ohio Rescue and Restore Coalition. 24

25. THE IMPACT OF TRAFFICKING ON VICTIMS
“They didn’t see us as human beings, but just as whores, just as flesh that they could use. That’s all”

26. Physical Harms of Human Trafficking
Older broken bones that did not heal properly
Bed bug bites
Traumatic Brain Injury
Bodily injuries: broken bones, concussions, burns, bruising, bite marks, vaginal/anal tearing from violence including assault, stabbings, rape, and torture
Polaris Project 26 26

27. Physical Harms of Human Trafficking
Reproductive Health Problems
Exposure to STDs, including HIV
Pregnancies
Abortions
Fertility issues
Malnutrition, rotting teeth
Stunted growth (in children)
Alcohol and other Drug Use
Chronic back, visual or respiratory problems from working in agriculture, construction or manufacturing in dangerous conditions
Polaris Project 27 27

28. Psychological Harms of Sex Trafficking
Mind/body separation/disassociated ego states, dissociative disorders
Shame and grief
Depression, hopelessness
Anxiety disorders
Self destructive behaviors, including suicide
Traumatic bonding with perpetrator
“Stockholm syndrome” 28 28

29. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Acute anxiety, depression, insomnia, persistent flashbacks, physical hyper-alertness, self-loathing that is long-lasting and resistant to change
“In a study of prostituted women from 9 countries, level of PTSD was 68%, which is in the same range as that of treatment-seeking combat veterans”
Farley et al. (2003). Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress. 29 29

30. Faces of Prostitution: Grace

31. IDENTIFYING TRAFFICKED PERSONS
“Every Home Computer is Red Light District”
-Dr Mary Anne Layden

32. Potential Signs of Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
Hotel room keys
Numerous school absences
False ID’s and lying about age
Teen’s dating much older, abusive, or controlling men
Having large amounts of cash, jewelry, new clothes
Recurrent STI’s/STD’s and/or need for pregnancy tests
Signs of physical assault including: branding or tattooing, broken bones, black eyes, etc
Being a runaway is a risk factor
Dr. Celia Williamson, University of Toledo and Second Chance

33. Communicating with Victims
Before questioning potential trafficking victim:
Isolate individual from person accompanying her/him without raising suspicions
Individual accompanying patient may be trafficker posing, or a recruiter
Enlist trusted translator/interpreter who also understands victim’s cultural needs

34. Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking
Is potential victim accompanied by another person who seems controlling?
Does person accompanying potential victim insist on giving information to you?
Can you see or detect any physical abuse?
Does person seem submissive or fearful?
Does potential victim have difficulty communicating because of language or cultural barriers?
Does potential victim have any identification?

35. Questions to Ask Can you leave your job or situation if you want?
Can you come and go as you please?
Have you been threatened if you try to leave?
Have you been physically harmed in any way?
What are your working or living conditions like?
Where do you sleep and eat?
What to you do to have a roof over your head?
Do you sleep in a bed, on a cot or on the floor?

36. Questions to Ask
Have you ever been deprived of food, water, sleep or medical care?
Do you have to ask permission to eat, sleep or go to the bathroom?
Are there locks on your doors and windows so you cannot get out?
Has anyone threatened your family?
Has your identification or documentation been taken from you?
Is anyone forcing you to do anything that you do not want to do?

37. Communicating with Victims
For victim’s safety, strict confidentiality is paramount
Ask questions in safe, confidential and trusting environment
Limit number of staff members coming in contact with suspected trafficking victim
Importance of indirectly and sensitively probing to determine if person is trafficking victim
May deny being a victim, so best not to ask direct questions
Phrase “trafficking victim” will have no meaning

38. Barriers to Identification
Many victims in the U.S. do not speak English and are unable to communicate with service providers, police, or others who might be able to help them.
Often kept isolated and activities restricted to prevent them from seeking help
Victims comply and don’t seek help because of fear
With both labor and sex trafficking victims, many barriers to identification exist. Many of these barriers may be the same for both labor and sex trafficking cases. However, some barriers are more likely to be experienced in a labor or sex trafficking setting.
Victims of trafficking are unlikely to seek help, for a number of reasons, including:

39. Barriers to Identification
Typically watched, escorted or guarded by traffickers or associates of traffickers
Traffickers may “coach” victims to answer questions with cover story about being wife, student or tourist
Unaware of what is being done to them is a crime
Do not consider themselves victims
Blame themselves for their situations
May develop loyalties, positive feelings toward trafficker as coping mechanism

40. Barriers to Identification
Often victims don’t know where they are, because traffickers frequently move them to escape detection
Fear for safety of family in home country
Fear and shame
Self-blame and hopelessness
Dependency

41. HELPING VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING
“The responsibility of freedom is to free someone else”

42. Ohio Law Ohio Substitute House Bill 280
Signed into law by Governor Strickland on 1/6/09
Increases penalties and requires a mandatory prison term for engaging in a pattern of sex trafficking
Sex traffickers will now face a 1st Degree Felony
Traffickers have to provide restitution
Attorney General’s Office will study HT in Ohio

43. Senate Bill 235 Senate Bill 235: Fedor & Grendell
As introduced, it will make human trafficking a stand-alone second degree felony under state law.
This proposed language was replaced by a sub-bill in March that also amends the criminal charges of conspiracy and a pattern of corrupt activity to include human trafficking.
This sub-bill also amends the definition of human trafficking in to cover both labor and sex trafficking.

44. What are the Needs of Trafficked Persons?
The following services delivered in a CULTURALLY COMPETENT, TRAUMA-SENSITIVE manner:
Safety
Basic Needs (Food, Clothing)
Safe, Temporary Housing
Residential Trauma Treatment
Counseling
Permanent Housing
Comprehensive Case Management
Legal Advocacy
Workforce Development Training
Educational Services
Interpretation/Translation
Spiritual Services
Alcohol & Other Drug Treatment
Life Skills
Culturally Appropriate Social Support

45. Central Ohio Rescue & Restore Coalition
Coordinated by The Salvation Army Central Ohio
Comprised of over 60 member organizations from a wide cross section of the community:
Social services providers
Law enforcement (FBI, ICE, CPD)
Faith community
Medical providers
State Refugee Coordinator
Ohio Attorney General Office
Ohio Department of Public Safety
Ohio Department of Job and Family Services
Ohio Latino Affairs Commission

46. Central Ohio Rescue & Restore Coalition
Four Areas of Focus:
Public Awareness
Annual Unlocking the Chains Conference
Speakers Bureau: spoken to over 5,000 individuals to date
Outreach materials
Public awareness events
Legislation & Lobbying
Support for strong anti-trafficking legislation in Ohio. Tracks and maintains up to date information on all local and national HT laws.
Law Enforcement
Works with local law enforcement agencies to identify trafficking cases and support the investigation and prosecution of traffickers.
Demand Reduction
Focusing on reducing the demand aspect of sex trafficking
Services to Victims of Human Trafficking
24/7 Hotline (HELP)
Since 7/2008, CORRC has assisted 45 victims of human trafficking.
Public Awareness
Annual Unlocking the Chains Conference
Speakers Bureau: Trained just under 3000 people on human trafficking to date.
Street outreach
Public awareness events
TIPSC to develop training curriculum for professionals, students
John School subcommittee
Legislation & Lobbying
Support for strong anti-trafficking legislation in Ohio. Tracks and maintains up to date information on all local and national HT laws.
Working to support Senator Theresa Fedor and Senator Tim Grendell’s anti-human trafficking legislation, Senate Bill 235, recently introduced in the Ohio senate.
Ohio’s current language is inadequate.
TIPSC committee has reviewed and it hasn’t been used.
Does not include labor trafficking
Requires a pattern of sex trafficking to apply heavier penalties.
Law Enforcement
Works with local law enforcement agencies to identify trafficking cases and support the investigation and prosecution of traffickers.
OPOTA Training for all LE in Ohio
Good relationship with CPD detectives and a growing awareness overall in dept.

47. What Will CORRC Provide?
Comprehensive case management from rescue through restoration.
Adults served by The Salvation Army.
Youth served by Gracehaven.
Organize safe shelter for the victim(s).
Assess and meet basic and immediate needs.
Arrange for interpretation and translation if necessary.
Locate a legal advocate.
Conduct intake.

48. What Will CORRC Provide?
Develop a Service Plan
Residential Treatment
Permanent Housing
Mental Health Services
Employment Training and Placement
Legal Services
Medical Services
Cultural/Community Orientation
Life Skills Education
Referral to Public Benefits
Interpretation and Translation Services

49. How to become and Abolitionist!
***Tell someone***
Educate yourself
Look beneath the surface and beyond the stereotypes
Boycott harmful internet sites (Craig’s list)
Eliminate Pornography
Join the coalition
Screen for potential victims
Don’t glorify pimps
Report injustices that you see/suspect
CORRC Hotline
Police Non-Emergency
Buy fair trade
Sponsor public awareness events
Encourage others to do these same things

50. You Can Be a Change Agent!
Donate $ and Time
Awareness Displays
Affiliate with an preexisting organization
Gracehaven
Second Chance
Not for Sale
Shared Hope
Perverted Justice
Contact state and local representatives
Attend conferences and anti-trafficking events
Salvation Army
Central Ohio Rescue and Restore Coalition
Start something new
Change requires action….be creative and take action!

51. Central Ohio Rescue & Restore Coalition
Contact Information:
(HELP)
Trisha Smouse; Anti-Human Trafficking Program Manager
Christina Conrad; Anti-Human Trafficking Specialist