1. Welcome to Genetic Mutations!

2. Share out! GENETIC DISORDERS ARE CAUSED BY GENETIC MUTATIONS!!!!!!
Today’s learning target:
Genetic mutations occur in all living organisms. How does this occur?
There are 3 types of genetic mutations
GENETIC DISORDERS ARE CAUSED BY GENETIC MUTATIONS!!!!!!

3. A. Introduction to Mutations
-A mutation is a change in DNA sequence (order of nucleotides).
-Mutations are important because they increase genetic variation.

4. Mutations in Body Cells –Somatic Mutations
-Mutations in body cells cannot be passed on to your children, however, they can cause cancer or other problems in your body.
A cancer cell.

5. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells:
A person with skin cancer-This is why it’s important to always wear sunscreen!

6. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells:
Tongue cancer and lung cancer are often caused by changes in body cells as a result of smoking, so don’t smoke!!!

7. Mutations in Reproductive (Sex) Cells- Germline Mutations
-Mutations in sex cells (sperm and egg cells) can lead to changes in the DNA sequence which can be passed down to a person’s children.

8. Mutations in sex cells
-X-men and X-women would be a result of mutations in sex cells. These people inherited mutated (changed) DNA from their parents:

9. Good vs. Bad Mutations
Mutations can be good as well as bad. A good mutation could lead to a change in a protein that allows an animal to run faster or see better. A bad mutation could lead to a change in a protein that causes a genetic disease such as Sickle Cell Anemia or Hemophilia.

10. TURN AND TALK WHAT IS A MUTATION?
WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MUTATIONS IN SEX CELLS AND MUTATIONS IN BODY CELLS?

11. B. Gene Mutations There are 3 main types of gene mutations:
1. POINT MUTATIONS
SUBSTITUTIONS
2. SILENT MUTATIONS
3. FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS
INSERTIONS
DELETIONS

12. 1. Point mutation Example: AUG=Met AAG=Lys
-Point mutation-a change in one base pair in a DNA sequence.
Example: AUG=Met
AAG=Lys
-A point mutation can cause an amino acid to change, which will change the structure of the protein being made.

13. POINT MUTATION

14. Picture of A Point Mutation
Normal
mRNA
Stop
Protein
Replace G with A
Point mutation
mRNA
Stop
Protein

15. Point mutations in our lives!
-Sickle cell anemia is a blood disease caused by a point mutation.
-A single nucleotide is changed from “A” to “T” which causes the amino acid to change from glutamic acid to valine:
Normal: ACT CCT GAG GAG
Amino Acids: Thr – Pro – Glu – Glu
Sickle cell: ACT CCT GTG GAG
Amino acids:Thr – Pro – Val – Glu

16. Point mutations in our lives!
-People with sickle cell anemia often experience a lot of pain and swelling and have trouble exercising.
through blood vessels like normal cells do.
Sickle cells do not move smoothly
Sickle cells get stuck and cause blood clots.
Sickle cells also can’t carry
Oxygen as effectively as normal
Cells.

17. 2. SILENT MUTATION
A TYPE OF MUTATION THAT RESULTS IN A CHANGE IN CODON BUT DOES NOT CHANGE THE AMINO ACID CREATED.

18. Codons can code for the same Amino acid!

19. Silent Mutations
Single nucleotide mutation that does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein made

20. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT MUTATION AND A SILENT MUTATION?
THINK PAIR SHARE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT MUTATION AND A SILENT MUTATION?

21. 3. Frameshift mutation
-Frameshift mutation- Adding or deleting nucleotides to a DNA sequence.
-A frameshift mutation is much worse than a point mutation because it causes the entire DNA sequence to be shifted over!
Example: DNA: ATTAAACCG
ATAAACCG
Delete this T

22. 2 types of Frameshift mutations:
INSERTION
DELETION

23. FRAME-SHIFT MUTATIONS:
Insertion: Nucleotide added – Entire DNA sequence changed
Deletion: Nucleotide missing – Entire DNA sequence changed

24. V. Frameshift mutation
Deletion of U
Frameshift mutation
mRNA
Protein

25. Frameshift Mutations
Crohn’s Disease is caused by a frameshift mutation.
It causes inflammation to the digestive tract.

26. THINK PAIR SHARE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A POINT MUTATION AND A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION?

27. Difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.

28. BRAIN POP VIDEO

29. GUIDED PRACTICE Is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation?
-It’s a point mutation because only one nucleotide changed!

30. Questions:
THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Point or frameshift? Point!

31. Questions
THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Point or frameshift? -frameshift

32. GUIDED PRACTICE
WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE TYPE OF MUTATION THAT RESULTS IN A CHANGE IN CODON BUT DOES NOT CHANGE THE AMINO ACID?

33. SILENT MUTATION
A TYPE OF MUTATION THAT RESULTS IN A CHANGE IN CODON BUT DOES NOT CHANGE THE AMINO ACID CREATED.

34. GUIDED PRACTICE
What type of frame-shift mutation is shown below?

35. INSERTION- Frameshift
Answer
INSERTION- Frameshift

36. GUIDED PRACTICE
What type of frame-shift mutation is shown below?

37. Answer
DELETION- Frameshift

38. WHAT TYPE OF MUTATION IS SHOWN BELOW?

39. Answer
POINT

40. WHAT TYPE OF MUTATION IS THIS?
BEFORE THE MUTATION, A DNA CODON CODES FOR THE AMINO ACID VALINE. AFTER THE MUTATION, THE DNA CODON STILL CODES FOR VALINE.

41. Answer
SILENT

42. Objective SWBAT explain how genetic mutations occur
Today’s objective:
SWBAT explain how genetic mutations occur
SWBAT distinguish between the 3 types of genetic mutations
Rate 1-5 on how confident you feel with these objectives
1- Poor
5- Excellent