1. Intermolecular Forces
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London Dispersion Forces
Attraction from when the electrons in 2 adjacent atoms occupy areas that form temporary dipoles
Strength: Weak strength unless around a lot of surface area
Effect: Condenses liquids to solid form in cold temperatures.
Ex: Liquid Methane
Ion-Dipole Forces
Results from the electrostatic attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule that has a dipole
Strength: Weak compared to intramolecular forces
Effect: Cation attracts the partially negative end and Anion attracts the partially positive end
Ex: Na+ with Cl-
Hydrogen Bonding
Electromagnetic attractive interaction of a polar hydrogen atom in a molecule and an electronegative atom
Strength: Relatively strong but varies. 5x as strong as dipole
Effect: Causes water to become polar and “universal solvent”
Ex: Water, Alcohol, DNA
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another
Strength: Weaker than ionic and covalent bonding
Effect: Electron density builds up
Ex: HCl