1. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 (red) Ch.4 (blue) Section 1
The Divisive Politics of Slavery

2. Top Senators of 1850s
John C. Calhoun – SC, slaveholder, wanted slavery to expand
Henry Clay – KY, “Great Compromiser”
Daniel Webster – MA, opposed expansion of slavery in territories

3. Differences Between North and South
The North was became more reliant upon industry
Railroads and communication systems linked regions
Immigrants provided needed labor
Large cities emerged along transportation crossroads

4. Differences Between North and SOUTH
The South relied on cotton as their primary cash crop
They used slave labor, not wage labor
Felt slavery was best for both owner and slave

5. Pres. Zachary Taylor
Taylor pushed for the immediate admission of CA and NM as free slaves, enraging the South
The South spoke of seceding
The Wilmot Proviso will be presented to Congress, further angering the South

6. Slavery in the Territories
The Missouri Compromise, 1820, outlawed slavery in any new states north of 36° 30’
Most of the new territory was north of the line, assuring the north of few new slave states
New land from Mexico meant that additional land was open to slavery

7. Wilmot Proviso
David Wilmot, PA, opposed the expansion of slavery on the new land
His proposed bill would forbid slavery in all new territory
The bill failed, but showed the regional differences in Congress

8. Sectional Differences
Congress already divided over South’s refusal to vote for additional internal improvements in the North
Additional slave or free states would tip the balance of power
It was inevitable that the South would lose power in the Senate

9. California
California applied for statehood immediately after the Gold Rush
Their constitution forbade slavery
Pres. Zachary Taylor supported the new free state.

10. Popular Sovereignty
Leaders began talking about allowing the states to decide about the issue of slavery
Southerners saw this as a way to limit slavery
They began to talk about seceding from the Union.

11. Senate Debates
The issue of slavery and slave territory escalates when CA asks to enter the Union and TX takes some of NM as slave territory
Henry Clay, the “Great Compromiser” worked out another plan (he also wrote the Missouri Compromise)

12. Compromise of 1850 Clay’s plan included:
CA enters Union as a free state
TX got $10 million to settle border
NM and UT got popular sovereignty
DC ended the slave trade
The South got a stronger Fugitive Slave Law

13. Compromise of 1850
This was the last senatorial debate between the 3 giants
Henry Clay, KY - author
Daniel Webster, MA – argued for the Compromise to save the Union
John Calhoun, SC – argued against the Compromise and insisted on Southern equal rights in the new territories

14. Compromise of 1850
Opponents seemed to have the edge until President Taylor suddenly died, who opposed Clay’s plan
Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise
The Compromise passed after they were voted on separately

15. Compromise of 1850 – the final solution

17. Stephen Douglas
Douglas, from Chicago, IL, wants to build the transcontinental railroad with a northern route, naturally through Chicago
His idea of popular sovereignty was recommended to encourage settlement in Kansas and Nebraska

18. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 (red) Ch.4 (blue) Section 2
Protest, Resistance and Violence

19. Anthony Burns Affair
One of the first ‘victims’ of the Fugitive Slave Act was runaway slave, Anthony Burns
He was captured in Boston and sent back south in shackles
“We went to bed one nigh old-fashioned, conservative, compromise Union Whigs and waked up stark mad Abolitionists”

20. Fugitive Slave Act
Burns and other runaways were captured, had a hearing and returned, at government expense, to slavery

21. Fugitive Slave Act
Slaves could not defend themselves or have their case heard by a jury
Judges were paid $10 to find a man a slave but only $5 if he determined that the man was free

22. Underground Railroad
Not this one
This one

23. Underground Railroad
Although faced with fines and jail, some northerners helped the runaways escape to Canada
States passed personal liberty laws to guarantee runaways a trial by jury to slow down the return to slavery

24. Underground Railroad
Using terms from the new railroads, some people, like Harriet Tubman, entered the South repeatedly to sneak slaves to safety.
Depots along the way left clues to help runaways

25. Underground Railroad
Most slaves who made it north were from the upper South
Most slaves who were caught escaping were sold to the deep South where escape was nearly impossible.
The Craft family was an exception

27. Harriet Beecher Stowe
The daughter of the avid abolitionist, Lyman Beecher, Stowe witnessed numerous escapes from slavery
She wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, an historical fiction novel that highlighted the struggle for freedom

28. Harriet Beecher Stowe
In her book, the evil overseer, Simon Legree, was going to sell Eliza’s son.
Legree whipped Tom so badly that he died.
“So you’re the little lady who started this great war” A. Lincoln

29. Kansas and Nebraska
Sen. Stephen Douglas and his wealthy backers wanted the planned railroad to run through their city of Chicago
He needed to populate the northern tier of states since the south was settled west to TX

30. Stephen Douglas
To encourage farmers to settle there he pushed the idea of allowing the settler decide if they want slavery before being admitted into the Union
He wanted to appeal to the North and the South because he planned to run for president

31. Stephen Douglas
It was unlikely that either state would want slaves since plantation crops did not grow there
This nullified the Missouri Compromise

32. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Douglass introduced the act to establish popular sovereignty and promote settlement
The North saw it as a way to expand slavery and the South voted against it.
The bill passed with Pierce’s help

33. Kansas-Nebraska Act

34. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Settlers, mostly non-slave holders, moved to Kansas
In 1855 they held an election to determine if the majority were in favor or slavery or not

35. Border Ruffians
Border ruffians from Missouri came over the border an voted like a Miami-native (early & often)
The Lecompton Constitution made Kansas a slave state even though most actual residents did not want slaves

36. Sack of Lawrence Anti-slavery settlers founded Lawrence
A pro-slavery jury found them to be traitors and called for their arrest
About 800 militia razed the town

37. Pottawatomie Massacre
Looking for revenge, John Brown believed that God wanted him to kill proslavery settlers.

38. Pottawatomie Massacre
Brown and his followers savagely killed 5 men
The massacre led to so much other violence in Kansas, people called it “Bleeding Kansas”

39. Crimes Against Kansas Violence did not stop in Kansas
Sen. Charles Sumner, MA gave is Crimes against Kansas speech where he made derogatory remarks Sen. Andrew Butler, SC
Butler’s nephew beat Sumner so badly with a cane he was unable to return to DC for 3 years

40. Failed Policies
The Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1851 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the country rather than ease its tensions.
It 5 years, it will be at war.

41. The Union in Peril Chapter 10 (red) Ch.4 (blue) Section 3
The Birth of the Republican Party

42. Horace Greeley
Editor for the NY Times, Greeley frequently wrote editorials against slavery
His strong feelings put him at odds with his party, the Whigs, causing him to form the Republican Party
His feelings reflecting America’s changing attitudes

43. Election of 1852 The Whig Party split over the issue of slavery
The northern Whigs opposed the Fugitive Slave Act
The southern Whigs opposed any restrictions in slavery

44. Election of 1852 The Whigs nominated Gen. Winfield Scott
The Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce
The split party did not stand a chance and Pierce was elected the 14th president.

45.                                           1852 Election
Pierce
Scott

46. Nativism
The expanding country, industrial changes and increasing numbers of immigrants caused some people to fear changes
Their fear took the form of secret organizations opposed to non-Americans

47. Nativism
The Star Spangled Banner party was one of those groups whose platform as anti-immigrant
Another group, when asked about themselves, would respond, “I know nothing.” They were called the Know Nothing Party

48. Nativism
Like the Whig Party, the nativist parties split over the issue of slavery, allowing Democrats to win
Some nativists and anti-slavery Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854

49. Third Parties
The Liberty Party and the Free-Soil Party ran with the anti-slavery platform.
The Liberty Party never won an election but pulled so many votes from New York, it caused Henry Clay to lose in 1844

50. Third Parties the Free Soil Party took 10% of the vote in 1848
Not enough to win an election but enough backing to have their anti-slavery issue get noticed

51. Republican Party
Like the Whig Party, the nativist parties split over the issue of slavery, allowing Democrats to win
Some nativists and anti-slavery Whigs formed the Republican Party in 1854

52. Republican Party
The Republicans opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and tried to bring back the Missouri Comp.
The events in Kansas gave them the issues needed to unite into a formidable party by 1856

53. Election of 1856 The Democrats – James Buchanan
Republican – John C. Fremont
American – Millard Fillmore
No one received a majority vote but Buchanan won the election

54. Election of 1856
Buchanan
Fremont
Fillmore

55. Chapter 10 (red) Ch.4 (blue) Section 4 Slavery and Secession
The Union in Peril
Chapter 10 (red) Ch.4 (blue)
Section 4
Slavery and Secession

56. Election of 1858
In his home state of Illinois, Abraham Lincoln ran for senator against Stephen Douglass.
Lincoln lost.
It would be the last time he lost to Douglas

57. Dred Scott Dred Scott was a slave who belonged to John Emerson
Emerson was an Army surgeon who brought Scott while he traveled from the slave territory of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and Wisconsin.

58. Dred Scott After they returned to Missouri, Emerson died
Scott sued for his freedom since he lived in a free state and territory
The case went to the Supreme Court and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the majority opinion

59. Dred Scott Decision The Court decided that:
Scott was still a slave
Taney could have ended, but added:
Slaves are not citizens and have no right to sue
Congress could not forbid slavery in any territory
Owners could bring their property into any state.

60. Dred Scott Reaction Southerners were jubilant
Northerners were disgusted.
The decision meant that no state could outlaw slavery.

61. And Back in Kansas
Kansas voted to decide if their constitution would allow slavery
Missouri ruffians came over the border and voted several times
When the vote was tallied, more people voted (though illegally) to make Kansas a slave state.

62. And Back in Kansas
The proslavery government wrote the Lecompton Constitution
The antislavery forces wrote the Topeka Constitution
Buchanan sided with the proslavery forces
Stephen Douglas convinced Congress to back antislavery settlers

63. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
In the 1858 Illinois Senate race a little-known, backwoods farmer ran against a two-term, well funded professional politician
The “Little Giant”, Stephen Douglas met Abe Lincoln in a series of debates.

64. Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Slavery immoral
Accused D. of defending Dred Scott decision
Douglas
Popular sovereignty
Accused L. of wanting equality
In reality, neither candidate promoted slavery

65. Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln asked how a settler could know a territory would be non-slave before applying for statehood.
Douglas replied that slavery could not exist if there were no laws protecting slaveholder property
His presidential bid was over and the Democratic party split further

66. John Brown is Back
Brown thought that God had told him to start a slave uprising
His plan was to arm the slaves and let them kill their masters
Harpers Ferry (WV) was the arsenal he hoped would provide the arms

67. John Brown is Back
Brown captured the town and many of its residents but no slaves came
Col. Robert E. Lee captured Brown
He was put on trial, found guilty and hung

68. 5 possible reasons for the causes of Civil War
Compromise of 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Dred Scott Decision Harpers Ferry Lincoln’s Elected

69. John Brown is Dead
The North did not condone Brown’s actions but treated him as a martyr
The South grew fearful of other planned insurrections.

70. Election of 1860
The 6 year old Republican Party held their 2nd presidential convention in Chicago
William Seward was the favorite but had acquired enemies within the party over handling the slave states

71. Election of 1860 Lincoln’s name was nominated on the 3rd ballot
Southerners felt that Lincoln was a “black republican” who wanted immediate emancipation
Lincoln was satisfied for slavery to stay where it existed and never wanted equality

72. Election of 1860 Lincoln won the northern states.
The middle and southern states split their votes among 3 other candidates: Breckinridge, Douglas, and Bell

75. Secession
Between election day in November and when Lincoln took the oath of office the following March, Pres. Buchanan watched as the South prepared to secede from the Union
This is one of many reasons why Buchanan is rated as our worse president in history

76. Secession South Carolina was the first to secede.
Its population celebrated with fireworks and parties
Mississippi seceded 3 weeks later followed by Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas

77. Secession
Delegates from the seceded states met to form the Confederate States of America (CSA)
They wrote a new constitution acknowledging states’ rights and slavery
Jefferson Davis – President
Alexander Stephens – V. President

78. Secession
The more educated of the day knew that this was not a problem that would be solved peacefully
Gen. Tecumseh Sherman (future Union soldier who takes GA) wrote that the division would result in bloodshed.