1. PAPER 1: Living with the physical environment
SECTION C: Physical Landscapes in the UK
KEY IDEA: UK Physical Landscapes & River Landscapes in the UK 1

2. 6 Types of Erosion Abrasion (sand paper/ rubbing action)
Attrition (Particles crash and break apart)
Hydraulic Action (force of the water)
Solution (chemical break down/ acid rain)
Vertical (downward)
Lateral (sideways)

3. 4 Types of Transportation
Solution (dissolved and carried)
Traction (rolling large)
Saltation (skipping medium)
Suspension (Carried)

4. Deposition
Sediment dropped (lack of energy)

5. River Long Profile Changes
Hills and broad valley ( m)
Gradient less steep
Steep V Shape
Mountains (160m height)
Erosion
Low lying flat land
Broad valley
Very gentle gradient

6. River Cross Section/ Cross Profile Changes
Width
Depth
Velocity
Load
Discharge
All increase
Particle size
Roughness of channel bed
Gradient
All decrease

7. Waterfall and Gorge Formation (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course)
Hard rock on top of soft rock.
Soft erodes quicker creating hard rock overhang.
Water falls off overhang and creates plunge pool beneath.
Overhang collapses and water erodes back and forms gorge.
U Shaped feature

8. Waterfall and Gorge Formation (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course)
Hard rock on top of soft rock.
Soft erodes quicker creating hard rock overhang.
Water falls off overhang and creates plunge pool beneath.
Overhang collapses and water erodes back and forms gorge.
U Shaped feature

9. Interlocking Spurs (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course)
Spur is hard rock that sticks out into the valley that the river has to flow around.
They reach into the valley from alternate sides so look like they are interlocking.

10. Rapids (Erosional Feature/ Upper Course)
Vertical bands of hard and soft rock.
River wears soft quicker causing dips in the channel bed.
Dips make the water bounce up and down and become turbulent.
Rapids are formed.

11. Meander Formation (Erosional and Depositional Feature/ Middle Course)
Helical flow
River fast on outside bend so erodes and increases bend
Slow on inside of bend and deposits
Outside = river cliff/ steep and fast flowing
Inside = slip off slope/ gentle and slow flowing

12. Ox Bow Lake Formation (Erosional and Depositional Feature/ Middle Course)
Two meander necks erode close together
In flood river makes new straight channel to cut out the slow bend
Deposition cuts off old bend
Leaves behind oxbow lake

13. Levee Formation (Depositional Feature/ Lower Course)
River floods out of its channel
Flood water contains sediment
Large sediment too heavy so drop at side of river
Sediment builds up a mound
Mound on either side of channel called a levee

14. Floodplain Formation (Depositional Feature/ Lower Course)

15. Estuary Formation (Depositional Feature/ Lower Course)
Flooded river channel where the river meets the sea
Tidal part of the river so a mix of fresh and salt water
Likely to be very wide (Severn 3km wide)
Large mud flats revealed at low tide
Tidal bores (waves) go up the river channel

16. Landforms on the River Severn
Break its neck falls (waterfall)
Iron Bridge Gorge (Gorge)
Floodplain and meander (Gloucester)
Estuary (Severn)

17. Physical Causes of Flooding
Steep slopes – runs quicker to the river
Storms/ Saturated Ground – too much rain means ground is full and rain goes straight to river
Snow melt – all melt water goes at once to the river/ ground saturated

18. Human Causes of Flooding
Building/ Urbanisation/ Drive ways – forms impermeable ground (concrete/ tarmac) which makes water go straight to the river
Drains – take water off the street but straight to the river
Deforestation – less rain intercepted and stored so more flows direct to river channel

19. Flashy/ Quick Hydrograph
More likely to flood!

20. Slow Hydrograph
Less likely to flood!

21. Hard Engineering Examples

22. Soft Engineering Examples

23. Jubilee Channel Flood Diversion Case Study
Diverts water from the Thames if too full so does not flood.
Positive
Negative
Stop flooding in Eton and Windsor
£110 million
Repair bills
Ran out of money so some areas not protected
Wraysbury – downstream has increased flood risk