1. Section 2
As Species reproduce, characteristics are passed from parents to offspring.

2. 2.1 A Closer Look at Variation
Heritable Characteristic: passed on from generation to generation.
Examples: eye color, hair type, skin color.
Non-heritable Characteristic: are acquired traits, not passed on from generation to generation.
Examples: learning to play the piano.

3. Discrete Variation: refers to differences in characteristics that have a defined form. The individual “either has it, or not”.
Example: eye color
Continuous Variation: refers to differences in characteristics that have a range of forms.
Example: height, hand size

4. Variation and the Environment
Some variations in individuals result from interactions with the environment.
Height is a heritable characteristic, but can be affected by the diet of an individual.
Variations caused by interactions with the environment are not heritable.
If a child of tall parents doesn’t receive proper nutrition, he/she will not be as tall as his/her parents.

5. 2.2 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
                                                 
Asexual Reproduction: involves only 1 parent. All offspring are identical to the parent.
Makes and exact copy of itself!

6. 4 Types of Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission: only in in one0celled organisms. A cell splits exactly in 2, producing 2 identical individuals.

7. Budding: the parent produces a small bud, or a smaller version of itself.

8. Spore Production: similar to seeds, but are produced by the division of cells of the parent, not by the union of two cells. One individual will produce many spores, and each spore can develop into a new individual identical to the parent.

9. Vegetative Reproduction: the reproduction of a plant that does not involve the formation of a seed.
Examples: potatoes, aspen trees, strawberries.

10. Sexual Reproduction: usually involves two individuals
Sexual Reproduction: usually involves two individuals. The offspring will have a combination of the characteristics of both parents, ensuring there is a mix in each generation.
Gamete: a sex cell, that has a role of joining another gamete for reproduction.
                                                                                                                                                    

11. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Define these terms:
Sperm cells – male gametes
Egg cells (ova) – female gametes
Fertilization – union of sperm and egg cell
Zygote – first cell of a new individual
Cleavage – cell division of the zygote
Embryo – multi cellular life form

12. Stages of Development pg. 32

13. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Define these terms:
Pollen – male gametes
Stamen – holds pollen
Ovules – female gametes
Pistil - contains ovules
Anther – end of stamen
Stigma – end of pistil
Pollination – when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma
Cross-Pollination – pollen of one plant reaches another
Cross-Fertilization -

14. Plant Parts

15. Asexual Reproduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Can produce lots of individuals very quickly.
2. Producing many copies that is suited to an environment is a better bet for survival than producing smaller numbers that can vary.
1. If living conditions become unfavourable, the entire population may be wiped out.

16. Sexual Reproduction
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Provides lots of variation among individuals, which help the species survive environmental change.
It takes a lot of energy to produce a limited number of offspring.
2. To reproduce sexually the species must rely on the male and female gametes to meet.