1. A VERY Brief Overview of Chemistry
Chemistry in Biology
A VERY Brief Overview of Chemistry
15 Clicker Questions!
Chapter 6.2 – 6.4

2. Please high-light them!!!
Words in Bold Pink
Those are your vocabulary words…
Please high-light them!!!

3. Element Element: Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom.
Examples: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

5. Subscript
A subscript is a small lowered number after a symbol for an element.
H2O– the 2 is lowered and considered
a subscript.
The 2 indicates how many atoms of the element are present in that compound.

6. Chemical Compounds
Compound: A substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions.
Examples: H2O (water)
NaCl (Salt)
C6 H12 O6 (Sugar)

7. Chemical Formula 6 12 6 States how many atoms are in each molecule.
How many carbon atoms are in C6 H12 O6?
How many hydrogen atoms?
How many oxygen atoms?
Click for answers 6 12 6

8. Chemical Equations CO2 + H2O  C6 H12 O6 + O2 REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Let’s say I give you a chemical equation like—
CO2 + H2O  C6 H12 O6 + O2
What are the names of these compounds?
Could you tell me which side are the reactants and which side are the products?
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Sugar/glucose
Oxygen
Click for answers
Click for answers

9. Elements in the Human Body
Most abundant element in our body
Oxygen – 65%
Carbon – 18.5%
Hydrogen – 9.5%
Nitrogen – 3.3%
All of these equal 96.3%. The other 4% are trace elements: Calcium (1.5), Phosphorous (1.0), Potassium (0.4), & others.
Water
Click for animation
Most abundant compound in our body

10. Which of the following is an element?
Clicker Question #1
Which of the following is an element?
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Oxygen
Water

11. How many atoms are in: NH3
Clicker Question #2
How many atoms are in: NH3 1 2 3 4

12. Which of the following are the reactants?
Clicker Question #3
Which of the following are the reactants?
CH4 + 2 O CO2 + 2 H2O
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
CH4 + 2 H2O
None of the above

13. Solvent-Solute Water is the greatest solvent in the world!
Solvent means to dissolve, or a dissolving agent. WATER is a SOLVENT!
Solute is what is to be dissolved. Sugar and salt are solutes and they dissolve in water.

14. pH pH: The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution.
Acid: Substance that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Base: Substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

15. pH Scale The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is.
It ranges from 0 to 14
A pH of 7 is neutral
A pH less than 7 is acidic
A pH greater than 7 is basic

16. pH Scale 14 = Basic 0 = Acidic
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
7 = Neutral
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato juice
Increasingly Acidic
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
0 = Acidic

17. Acids
Acids taste sour
Strong Acids are dangerous and can burn your skin
Examples are: Vinegar, stomach acid, and citrus fruits

18. Bases Solutions containing bases are often called alkaline.
Bases taste bitter
Bases feel slippery
Strong bases are very dangerous and can burn your skin
Examples: Lye and ammonia

19. Buffers
Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.
(Don’t need to write this)
For example, your stomach is upset, so you drink alka seltzer or eat a Rolaids. These are buffers or a mild base to offset the higher stomach acid.

20. Organic Molecules There are 4 organic molecules Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
* These are also called macromolecules

21. Macromolecule Concept Map
YES,
draw this!
Macromolecule Concept Map
MACROMOLECULES
includes
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Macro means LARGE

22. ***Most of an organisms’ energy come from carbohydrates!***
Carbohydrate: Organic compound containing Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1
Carbohydrates are basically sugars and starches.
***Most of an organisms’ energy come from carbohydrates!***

23. Carbohydrates Continued
Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules.
Examples: This is glucose, galactose, sucrose and fructose (sugars).
Glucose is
1 : 2 : 1
Many monosaccharides together make up polysaccharides. This is the excess sugar that we store as glycogen that can turn into fat

24. Video Questions 1. Sugars belong to a class of chemicals called ___.
2. What is glucose made-up of?
3. What is a good example of a very long polymer of glucose called ___.
4. Starches are nothing more than very long chains of
____.

25. Carbohydrate Video Clip

26. Major source of energy for the body
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars & Starches
Major source of energy for the body
Macro means LARGE

27. Lipids This is FAT. They are found in cell membranes.
Lipids: these are used to store energy.
They are found in cell membranes.
Fats, oils, & waxes
Also water proofs
Video

28. Major source of energy for the body
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Lipids
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Fats & Oils
Sugars & Starches
Major source of energy for the body
Stores energy & water proofs
Macro means LARGE

29. Nucleic Acids
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.

30. Nucleic Acids Continued
Nucleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base.
2 types: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
& Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

31. Video Questions:
1. Nucleic acids are made up of long chains of subunits called ____.
2. Chromosomes contain huge molecules called deoxyribonucleic acid also known as ___.

32. Nucleic Acids Video Clip

33. Stores & Transmits Genetic Info Major source of energy for the body
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Fats & Oils
Sugars & Starches
Nucleotides
Stores & Transmits Genetic Info
Major source of energy for the body
Stores energy & water proofs
Macro means LARGE

34. Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule?
Clicker Question #9
Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Amino acid
Nucleic acid

35. Which of the following foods is NOT an example of a carbohydrate?
Clicker Question #10
Which of the following foods is NOT an example of a carbohydrate?
Sugar
Potatoes
Bread
Meat

36. Genetic material is made with this macromolecule:
Clicker Question #11
Genetic material is made with this macromolecule:
Nucleic acid
Lipid
Protein
Carbohydrate

37. Which of the following is NOT a sugar?
Clicker Question #12
Which of the following is NOT a sugar?
a. Glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Lactose
d. Pepsin

38. Proteins Proteins are composed of smaller units called amino acids.
Amino Acids: Are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen.

39. Proteins Proteins function in the following ways:
Transport materials within the cell
Provide structural support – muscles, tendons, ligaments
Help chemical reactions happen faster through a special type of protein known as an enzyme

40. Example: Amylase found in saliva.
Proteins
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions.
* Enzymes are made of proteins.
Example: Amylase found in saliva.
Amylase speeds up the breakdown of amylose, a substance in starch (in foods).
* Most enzymes are specific to 1 reaction

41. Proteins
A catalyst, as well as an enzyme, is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
* Catalysts speeds up chemical
reactions thousands of
times faster.

42. Proteins
Activation Energy: The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reactions.

43. Proteins: How enzymes work
Substrate: The reactants that bind to the enzyme.
Active Site: The specific location where a substance binds to an enzyme.
The active site and the substrate have complementary shapes (“Lock & Key”)
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Click on picture to see an animation!

44. Proteins: How enzymes work
Only substrates with the same size and shape as the active site will bind to the enzyme (like puzzle pieces).
pH and temperature mainly affect enzyme activity.
Click on picture for link

45. Pepsin: An Enzyme Pepsin is an enzyme in the
stomach that begins the digestion
of proteins by splitting them into
smaller pieces.
Pepsin works at a pH level of around 2 which is acidic
Antacids are used to neutralize pepsin by increasing the pH level to around 6 or 7

46. What does Macro Mean? Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Fats & Oils
Amino Acids
Sugars & Starches
Nucleotides
Growth/ repair & make up enzymes
Stores & Transmits Genetic Info
Major source of energy for the body
Stores energy & water proofs
What does Macro Mean?

47. Enzymes are which type of macromolecule?
Clicker Question #13
Enzymes are which type of macromolecule?
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrate
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids

48. What do enzymes do during a reaction?
Clicker Question #14
What do enzymes do during a reaction?
a. Nothing
b. Slows it down
c. Speeds it up
d. Burns it up

49. What two conditions change how enzymes work?
Clicker Question #15
What two conditions change how enzymes work?
a. Water & temperature
b. Temperature & pH
c. Solid & gas
d. None of the above

50. The End