1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION

2. all organisms require energy and have evolved to take free energy from the environment and convert it into usable forms
AUTOTROPHS: create their own food (which will later be broken down into usable energy)

3. AUTOTROPHS 1) Photoautotrophs:
Organisms that through photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical potential energy in glucose
ex: green plants

4. Autotrophs.... 2) Chemoautotrophs:
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
2) Chemoautotrophs:
microorganisms the are able to extract energy from inorganic compounds containing elements such as sulphur and iron
usually found in extreme environments such as volcanoes, sulfur springs
Ex: archaebacteria

5. HETEROTROPHS: must consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs in order to gain energy.
Includes the majority of organisms (including all animals and fungi, many protists and bacteria)
- all organisms except chemoautotrophs use glucose (C6H12O6) as their primary source of energy.

6. Cellular Repiration
The process of extracting energy from nutrient molecules (ie glucose) and storing it into a usable form (ATP) so the cell can use it for energy-requiring activities.
Overall equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
oxidized reduced ENERGY

9. Adenosine triphosphate

10. ATP
Nitrogen base (Adenine)
3 phosphate groups
Ribose sugar

11. ATP releases energy ATP ADP + Pi + Energy
Phosphate bonds are high energy bonds
Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP) + Pi
Breaking the bonds releases the energy
ATP ADP + Pi + Energy

12. ATP is Recycled
ATP is an energy-containing molecule used to supply the cell with energy. The energy to produce ATP comes from glucose or other high energy compounds
ATP is continuously produced and consumed
Phosphorylation = attaching a phosphate group to a molecule to make the molecule more reactive

13. Overall 3 goals of cellular respiration:
Breaks bonds between 6 carbon atoms (of C6H12O6 ) to make 6 CO2
Moves H atom electrons from C6H12O6 to O2 to make 6 H2O
Trap as much free energy as possible in ATP

14. Energy Transfer
Aerobic Respiration occurs via 2 different energy transfer mechanisms
Susbtrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation

15. A) SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
ATP is produced directly in an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
The enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule (ie PEP) to ADP to make ATP

16. Page 95 figure 2
Pg 94 Figure 2: the enzyme allows Pi group to transfer to ADP to make ATP

17. B) OXDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
ATP is formed indirectly
It is more complex that substrate-level phosphorylation and makes much more ATP
ATP is formed via a series of redox reactions where O2 is the final electron acceptor
The energy released during the redox reactions is used to generate ATP.

18. Uses NAD+ and FAD+ which are co-enzymes that will move electons and energy from one molecule to another
A dehydrogenase enzyme catalyzes the reaction
It removes 2 H atoms (so 2 protons, and 2 electrons) from glucose
Delivers 2H+ & 2 e– to NAD+ to make NADH (the other H+ is dissolved in the surrounding solution)

19. NAD+ + 2H + + 2e– NADH + H+ FAD+ + 2H + + 2e– FADH2
oxidized form reduced form
FAD+ + 2H + + 2e– FADH2
Stores energy- most of which will be transferred to ATP

20. 4 STAGES GLYCOLYSIS – in cytoplasm (no O2 required)
2) PYRUVATE OXIDATION – in mitochondrial matrix
3) KREB CYCLE – in mitochondrial matrix
4) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN and CHEMIOSMOSIS – inner mitochondrial membrane
Aerobic respiration

22. Mitochondria OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
- Similar function to cell membrane
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
Assists with cellular respiration
embedded with many proteins and enzymes
MATRIX
- Inner, fluid filled section
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
- Fluid filled space between the inner and outer membranes
CRISTAE
- Folds of the inner membrane

24. Stage 1: GLYCOLYSIS
A 10 step process that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
2 ATP molecules are used to phosphorylate and activate compounds
4 ATP are produced

27. Glucose (C6) P- C6-P 2 C3-P 2 P-C3-P 2 pyruvate (C3)
Summary of Glycolysis
Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate molecules
Free energy is captured in ATP and NADH
Glucose (C6) P- C6-P 2 C3-P 2 P-C3-P 2 pyruvate (C3)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NAD+
2 NADH
2 Pi
2 ADP
2 ATP

28. 2 net ATP produced (4 produced but 2 used in the process) – which can be used by the cell immediately
2 NADH produced – which can be processed to produced more ATP
The 2 pyruvate molecules will now go to the mitochondrial matrix for aerobic respiration
If oxygen is not available, fermentation will occur instead.