1. Chapter 3 The Adjusting Process Student Version
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2. Describe the nature of the adjusting process.
Learning Objective 1
Describe the nature of the adjusting process.

3. Nature of the Adjusting Process
LO 1
Nature of the Adjusting Process
The accounting period concept requires that revenues and expenses be reported in the proper period.
Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenues are reported on the income statement in the period in which they are earned.

4. Nature of the Adjusting Process
LO 1
Nature of the Adjusting Process
The accounting concept supporting the reporting of revenues when they are earned regardless of when cash is received is called the revenue recognition concept.
The accounting concept supporting reporting revenues and related expenses in the same period is called the matching concept, or matching principle.

5. Nature of the Adjusting Process
LO 1
Nature of the Adjusting Process
Under the cash basis of accounting, revenues and expenses are reported on the income statement in the period in which cash is received or paid.
Under the accrual basis of accounting, some of the accounts need updating at the end of the accounting period.

6. LO 1
The Adjusting Process
The analysis and updating of accounts at the end of the period before the financial statements are prepared is called the adjusting process.
The journal entries that bring the accounts up to date at the end of the accounting period are called adjusting entries.

7. Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
LO 1
Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Prepaid expenses are the advance payment of future expenses and are recorded as assets when cash is paid.
Unearned revenues are the advance receipt of future revenues and are recorded as liabilities when cash is received.

8. Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
LO 1
Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Accrued revenues are unrecorded revenues that have been earned and for which cash has yet to be received.
Accrued expenses are unrecorded expenses that have been incurred and for which cash has not yet been paid.

9. Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment.
Learning Objective 2
Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment.

10. LO 2
Prepaid Expenses
NetSolutions’ Supplies account has a balance of $2,000 on the unadjusted trial balance. Some of these supplies have been used. On December 31, a count reveals that the amount of supplies on hand is $760.
Supplies (balance on trial balance) $2,000
Supplies on hand, December – 760
Supplies used $1,240

11. Accounting Equation Impact
LO 2
Prepaid Expenses
Assets = Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity (Expense)
Accounting Equation Impact
increase
decrease

12. Accounting Equation Impact
LO 2
Prepaid Insurance
The debit balance of $2,400 in NetSolutions’ Prepaid Insurance account represents the December 1 prepayment for 12 months.
Assets = Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity (Expense)
Accounting Equation Impact
increase
decrease

13. LO 2
Unearned Revenues
The credit balance of $360 in NetSolutions’ Unearned Rent account represents the receipt of three months’ rent on December 1 for December, January, and February. At the end of December, one month’s rent has been earned.

14. Accounting Equation Impact
LO 2
Unearned Revenues
Assets = Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue)
Accounting Equation Impact
increase
decrease

15. LO 2
Accrued Revenues
NetSolutions signed an agreement with Danker Co. on December 15 to provide services at a rate of $20 per hour. As of December 31, NetSolutions had provided 25 hours of services. The revenue will be billed on January 15.

16. Accounting Equation Impact
LO 2
Unearned Revenues
Assets = Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity (Revenue)
Accounting Equation Impact
increase
increase

17. LO 2
Accrued Wages
NetSolutions pays it employees biweekly. During December, NetSolutions paid wages of $950 on December 13 and $1,200 on December 27. As of December 31, NetSolutions owes $250 of wages to employees for Monday and Tuesday, December 30 and 31.

18. Accounting Equation Impact
LO 2
Accrued Wages
Assets = Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity (Expense)
Accounting Equation Impact
increase
increase

19. LO 2
Accrued Wages
NetSolutions paid wages of $1,275 on January 10. This payment includes the $250 of accrued wages recorded on December 31.

20. LO 2
Depreciation Expense
Fixed assets, or plant assets, are physical resources that are owned and used by a business and are permanent or have a long life.
As time passes, a fixed asset loses its ability to provide useful services. This decrease in usefulness is called depreciation.

21. LO 2
Depreciation Expense
All fixed assets, except land, lose their usefulness and , thus, are said to depreciate.
As a fixed asset depreciates, a portion of its cost should be recorded as an expense. This periodic expense is called depreciation expense.

22. LO 2
Depreciation Expense
The fixed asset account is not decreased (credited) when making the related adjusting entry. This is because both the original cost of a fixed asset and the depreciation recorded since its purchase are reported on the balance sheet. Instead, an account entitled Accumulated Depreciation is increased (credited).

23. LO 2
Depreciation Expense
Normal titles for fixed asset accounts and their related contra asset accounts are as follows:

24. LO 2
Depreciation Expense
NetSolutions estimates the depreciation on its office equipment to be $50 for the month of December.

25. Accounting Equation Impact
LO 2
Depreciation Expense
Assets = Liabilities Stockholders’ Equity (Expense)
Accounting Equation Impact
increase
increase

26. LO 2
Depreciation Expense
The difference between the original cost of the office equipment and the balance in the Accumulated Depreciation—Office Equipment account is called the book value of the asset (or net book value). It is computed as shown below.
Book Value of Asset = Cost of the Asset – Accumulated Depreciation of Asset
Book Value of Off. Equip. = Cost of Off. Equip. – Accum. Depre. of Office Equip.
Book Value of Off. Equip. = $1,800 – $50
Book Value of Off. Equip. = $1,750

27. Summarize the adjustment process.
Learning Objective 3
Summarize the adjustment process.

28. LO 3
Adjusting Entries
Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions
(continued)

29. LO 3
Adjusting Entries
Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions
(concluded)

30. Ledger with Adjusting Entries
LO 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries
(continued)

31. Ledger with Adjusting Entries
LO 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries
Ledger with Adjusting Entries─ NetSolutions
(continued)

32. Ledger with Adjusting Entries
LO 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries
Ledger with Adjusting Entries─ NetSolutions
(continued)

33. Ledger with Adjusting Entries
LO 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries
Ledger with Adjusting Entries─ NetSolutions
(concluded)

34. Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
Learning Objective 4
Prepare an adjusted trial balance.

35. Adjusted Trial Balance
LO 4
Adjusted Trial Balance
The purpose of the adjusted trial balance is to verify the equality of the total debit and credit balances before the financial statements are prepared.

36. Adjusted Trial Balance
LO 4
Adjusted Trial Balance
Adjusted Trial Balance

37. LO 5
Learning Objective 5
Describe and illustrate the use of vertical analysis in evaluating a company’s performance and financial condition.

38. LO 5
Vertical Analysis
Comparing each item in a financial statement with a total amount from the same statement is referred to as vertical analysis.

39. LO 5
Vertical Analysis
$12,500
= .067 or 6.7%
$187,500

40. LO 5
Vertical Analysis
$3,000
= .02 or 2%
$150,000

41. The Adjusting Process
The End