1. 3
The Adjusting Process

2. The Adjusting Process
After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1
Describe the nature of the adjusting process. 2
Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment. 3
Summarize the adjustment process. 4
Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
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3. Describe the nature of the adjusting process.1
Describe the nature of the adjusting process.
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4. 1
Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenues are reported in the income statement in the period in which they are earned.

5. Revenue Recognition Concept1
Revenue Recognition Concept
The accounting concept supporting the reporting of revenues when they are earned regardless of when cash is received is called the revenue recognition concept.

6. 1
Matching Principle
The accounting concept supporting reporting revenues and related expenses in the same period is called the matching concept, or matching principle.

7. 1
Under the cash basis of accounting, revenues and expenses are reported in the income statement in the period in which cash is received or paid.

8. 1
The Adjusting Process
Under the accrual basis, at the end of the accounting period some of the accounts need updating for the following reasons:
Some expenses are not recorded daily.
Some revenues and expenses are incurred as time passes rather than as separate transactions.
Some revenues and expenses may be unrecorded.

9. 1
The Adjusting Process
The analysis and updating of accounts at the end of the period before the financial statements are prepared is called the adjusting process.

10. 1 Example Exercise 3-1 Follow My Example 3-1 Follow My Example 6-1
Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Indicate with a Yes or No whether or not each of the following accounts normally requires an adjusting entry.
Cash d. Office Equipment
Prepaid Rent e. Accounts Receivable
Wages Expense f. Unearned Rent No No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Follow My Example 6-1
Follow My Example 3-1
Left click the mouse for the answers.
For Practice: PE 3-1A, PE 3-1B
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11. Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment1
Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Prepaid expenses are the advance payment of future expenses and are recorded as assets when cash is paid.

12. Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment1
Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Unearned revenues are the advance receipt of future revenues and are recorded as liabilities when cash is received.

13. 1 Type of Adjustments: Prepaid Expenses and Unearned Revenues
Exhibit 1

14. Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment1
Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Accrued revenues are unrecorded revenues that have been earned and for which cash has yet to be received.

15. Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment1
Types of Accounts Requiring Adjustment
Accrued expenses are unrecorded expenses that have been incurred and for which cash has not been paid.

16. 1
Type of Adjustments: Accrued Revenues and Expenses
Exhibit 2

17. 1 Example Exercise 3-2 Follow My Example 3-2 Follow My Example 6-1
Type of Adjustment
Classify the following items as (1) prepaid expense, (2) unearned revenue, (3) accrued expense, or (4) accrued revenue.
Wages owed but not c. Fees received but not yet paid. earned.
Supplies on hand. d. Fees earned but not yet received.
Follow My Example 3-2
Follow My Example 6-1
a. Accrued expense
c. Unearned revenue
b. Prepaid expense
d. Accrued revenue
For Practice: PE 3-2A, PE 3-2B
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18. Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment.2
Journalize entries for accounts requiring adjustment.
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19. 2
Exhibit 3
Unadjusted Trial Balance for NetSolutions

20. 2
Exhibit 4
Expanded Chart of Accounts for NetSolutions

21. 2
Prepaid Expenses
NetSolutions’ Supplies account has a balance of $2,000 in the unadjusted trial balance. Some of these supplies have been used. On December 31, a count reveals that $760 of supplies are on hand.
Supplies (balance on trial balance) $2,000
Supplies on hand, December – 760
Supplies used $1,240

22. 2 Supplies Supplies Expense Bal. 2,000 Dec. 31 1,240 Bal. 80014 55
Bal. 2,000
Dec. 31 1,240
Bal. 800
Dec. 31 1,240
760
2,040

23. 2
Prepaid Expenses
The debit balance of $2,400 in NetSolutions’ Prepaid Insurance account represents the December 1 prepayment of insurance for 12 months.

24. 2 Prepaid Insurance 15 Insurance Expense 56 Bal. 2,400 Dec. 31 200
2,200

25. 2 Example Exercise 3-3 Example Exercise 3-3 Follow My Example 3-3
Adjustment for Prepaid Expenses
The prepaid insurance account had a beginning balance of $6,400 and was debited for $3,600 of premiums paid during the year. Journalize the adjusting entry required at the end of the year assuming the amount of unexpired insurance related to future periods is $3,250.
Insurance Expense……………………… 6,750
Prepaid Insurance…………………… 6,750
Insurance expired ($6,400 +
$3,600 – $3,250).
Follow My Example 3-3
For Practice: PE 3-3A, PE 3-3B
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26. 2
Unearned Revenues
The December 31 unadjusted trial balance of NetSolutions indicates a balance in the unearned rent account of $360.

27. 2
Unearned Rent 23
Rent Revenue 42
Dec
Bal. 360

28. 2 Dec. 31 120 Unearned Rent Bal. 360 23 240 Bal. Rent Revenue 42

29. 2 Example Exercise 3-4 Follow My Example 3-4
Adjustment for Unearned Revenue
The balance in the unearned fees account, before adjustment at the end of the year, is $44,900. Journalize the adjusting entry required if the amount of unearned fees at the end of the year is $22,300.
Follow My Example 3-4
Unearned Fees……………………………. 22,600
Fees Earned………………………….. 22,600
Fees earned ($44,900 – $22,300).
For Practice: PE 3-4A, PE 3-4B
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30. 2
Accrued Revenues
NetSolutions signed an agreement with Danker Co. on December 15 to provide services at $20 per hour. As of December 31, NetSolutions had provided 25 hours of assistance.

31. 2 Accounts Receivable 12 Fees Earned 41 Bal. 2,220 Bal. 16,340
Dec
2,720
Bal.

32. 2 Accounts Receivable 12 Fees Earned 41 Bal. 2,220 Bal. 16,340
Dec
Dec
2,720
Bal.
16,840
Bal.

33. 2 Example Exercise 3-5 Follow My Example 3-5
Adjustment for Accrued Fees
At the end of the current year, $13,680 of fees have been earned but have not been billed to clients. Journalize the adjusting entry to record the accrued fees.
Follow My Example 3-5
Accounts Receivable……………………. 13,680
Fees Earned………………………….. 13,680
Accrued fees.
For Practice: PE 3-5A, PE 3-5B
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34. 2
Accrued Expenses
NetSolutions pays it employees biweekly. During December, NetSolutions paid wages of $950 on December 13 and $1,200 on December 27. As of December 31, NetSolutions owes $250 of wages to employees for Monday and Tuesday.

35. 2
Wages Payable 22
Wages Expense 51
Bal. 4,275
Dec
Bal. 4,525

36. 2 Wages Payable 22 Wages Expense 51 Dec. 31 250 Bal. 4,275 Dec. 31 250

37. 2
The journal entry for the payment of wages on January 10 is shown below.
After posting

38. 2
Exhibit 5
Accrued Wages

39. 2 Example Exercise 3-6 Follow My Example 3-6
Adjustment for Accrued Expenses
Sanregret Realty Co. pays weekly salaries of $12,500 on Friday for a five-day week ending on that day. Journalize the necessary adjusting entry at the end of the accounting period, assuming that the period ends on Thursday.
Salaries Expense……………………….. 10,000
Salaries Payable…………………….. 10,000
Accrued salaries [($12,500 ÷ days) × 4 days].
Follow My Example 3-6
For Practice: PE 3-6A, PE 3-6B
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40. 2
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets, or plant assets, are physical resources that are owned and used by a business and are permanent or have a long life.

41. 2
Depreciation
As time passes, a fixed asset loses its ability to provide useful services. This decrease in usefulness is called depreciation.

42. 2
Normal titles for fixed asset accounts and their related contra asset accounts are as follows:
Fixed Asset Contra Asset
Land None—Land is not depreciated
Buildings Accumulated Depreciation— Buildings
Store Equipment Accumulated Depreciation—Store
Equipment
Office Equipment Accumulated Depreciation—Office

43. 2
NetSolutions estimates the depreciation on its office equipment to be $50 for the month of December.

44. Accum. Depr.—Office Equip.2
Depreciation Expense 53
Accum. Depr.—Office Equip. 19
Dec

45. Accum. Depr.—Office Equip.2
Depreciation Expense 53
Accum. Depr.—Office Equip. 19
Dec
Dec

46. 2
NetSolutions’ balance sheet would show office equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation.
Office equipment $1,800
Less accumulated
depreciation $1,750
Book value

47. 2 Example Exercise 3-7 Follow My Example 3-7
Adjustment for Depreciation
The estimated amount of depreciation on equipment for the current year is $4,250. Journalize the adjusting entry to record the depreciation.
Depreciation Expense………...……….. 4,250
Accumulated Depreciation—
Equipment………………………….. 4,250
Depreciation on equipment.
Follow My Example 3-7
For Practice: PE 3-7A, PE 3-7B
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48. Summarize the adjustment process.3
Summarize the adjustment process.
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49. 3
Exhibit 7
Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions
(continued)

50. 3
Exhibit 7
Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions (continued) .

51. 3
Exhibit 8
Ledger with Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions
(continued)

52. 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions (continued)
Exhibit 8

53. 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions (continued)
Exhibit 8

54. 3
Ledger with Adjusting Entries—NetSolutions (continued)
Exhibit 8

55. 3
Example Exercise 3-8
Effect of Omitting Adjustments
For the year ending December 31, 2010, Mann Medical Co. mistakenly omitted adjusting entries for (1) $8,600 of unearned revenue that was earned, (2) earned revenue of $12,500 that was not billed, and (3) accrued wages of $2,900. Indicate the combined effect of the errors on (a) revenues, (b) expenses, and (c) net income for 2010.
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56. Example Exercise 3-8 (continued)
Follow My Example 3-8
Revenues were understated by $21,100 ($8,600 + $12,500).
Expenses were understated by $2,900.
Net income was understated by $18,200 ($8, ,500 – $2,900).
For Practice: PE 3-8A, PE 3-8B
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57. Prepare an adjusted trial balance.4
Prepare an adjusted trial balance.
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58. 4
The purpose of the adjusted trial balance is to verify the equality of the total debit and credit balances before the financial statements are prepared.

59. 4
Exhibit 9
Adjusted Trial Balance—NetSolutions

60. 4 Example Exercise 3-9 Example Exercise 3-9
Effect of Errors on Adjusted Trial Balance
For each of the following errors, considered individually, indicate whether the error would cause the adjusted trial balance totals to be unequal. If the error would cause the adjusted trial balance totals to be unequal, indicate whether the debit or credit total is higher and by how much.
The adjustment for accrued fees of $5,340 was journalized as a debit to Accounts Payable for $5,340 and a credit to Fees Earned of $5,340.
(continued)
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61. 4 Example Exercise 3-9 Example Exercise 3-9 Example Exercise 3-9
Example Exercise 3-9 (continued) 4
Example Exercise 3-9
Example Exercise 3-9
Example Exercise 3-9
The adjustment for depreciation of $3,260 was journalized as a debit to Depreciation Expense for $3,620 and a credit to Accumulated Depreciation for $3,260.
Follow My Example 3-9
The totals are equal even though the debit should have been to Accounts Receivable instead of Accounts Payable.
The totals are unequal. The debit total is higher by $360 ($3,620 – $3,260).
For Practice: PE 3-9A, PE 3-9B
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