1. Quick Quiz Give 5 qualities of an effective leader
Describe 2 ways in which a leader can be selected
Describe the 3 leadership styles, giving examples of when they are best used.
Briefly describe the 3 theories of leadership
Draw Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of sports leadership

2. Psychological factors affecting performance
Sports Psychology
Stress Management

3. Learning Objectives Learning Objective:
Understand how to manage stress in order to improve performance
Learning Outcomes:
All: Describe the different stress management techniques
Most: Explain how different techniques can help to reduce stress and therefore improve performance.
Some: Apply your knowledge of stress management techniques to a variety of situations

4. Key Terms Stress Eustress Anxiety Stressors Stress Response
Cognitive anxiety
Somatic anxiety
Cognitive stress management
Positive thinking / self-talk
Negative thought stopping
Rational thinking
Mental rehearsal
Imagery
Goal setting
Mindfulness
Somatic stress management techniques
Progressive muscular relaxation
Biofeedback
Centring technique
Breathing control

5. Stress
Stress - a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
Eustress – beneficial stress—either psychological, physical (e.g. exercise), or biochemical/radiological (hormesis). Eustress is not defined by the stressor type, but rather how one perceives that stressor (e.g. a negative threat versus a positive challenge). Eustress refers to a positive response one has to a stressor, which can depend on one's current feelings of control, desirability, location, and timing of the stressor.

6. Physical response to stress
The hypothalamus in your brain detects stress, stimulating the body to produce hormones such as adrenaline to help you deal with any threats or pressure you are facing – the ‘fight or flight’ response.
Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure and provides extra energy by increasing the amount of oxygen available to the working muscles.
Stress that is too intense or lasts a long period of time can increase the risk of a range of health problems such as stroke or heart attack and can have a negative effect on performance.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

7. Stressors
Stressors – the environmental changes that can induce a stress response
Stress response – the physiological changes that occur as a result f stress
Stress experience – the way we perceive the situation
An experience that is potentially stressful is affected by how each of us views that particular experiene.
A stressor generally arises when there is an imbalancce between the person’s perception of the demand being made on them by the situation and their ability to meet the demand.
Potential stressors in sport
- competition
- conflict
- frustration
- climate

8. Cognitive Stress Management Techniques
Positive thinking / self-talk
I see Pride – Cool Runnings clip -
Negative thought stopping
Rational thinking
Mental rehearsal and imagery
External imagery
Internal imagery
Mindfulness
Goal Setting
Outcome goals
Performance goals
Process-oriented goals

9. Somatic Stress Management Techniques
Relaxation
Progressive muscle relaxation
Biofeedback
Centring
Deep Breathing / breathing control

10. Exam Questions
June c – Describe both cognitive and somatic anxiety management techniques that may help to control levels of anxiety in sport. (6)
Jan b – Explain what is meant by ‘state anxiety’ and ‘trait anxiety’. Give a practical example of how anxiety might influence performance in sport (5)
Jan d – Using practical examples, explain and critically evaluate the cognitive and somatic anxiety management techniques that may be used by performers in sport. (20)
New spec H555/02 sample paper
7di – Explain how two different causes of stress could affect sports performance. (4)
7dii - Identify two somatic stress management techniques. (2)