1. Cell Division
SOL: BIO 6 a-c

2. Meiosis: Important Vocabulary
Diploid- contains 2 sets of chromosomes
(2n = 46)
Example: human somatic cells
Haploid- contains 1 set of chromosomes
(n = 23)
Example: human gametes

3. Meiosis: Important Vocabulary
Fertilization- fusion of two haploid gametes forms a diploid zygote
Zygote- fertilized egg cell
The first cell of a new individual
What would happen if gametes were diploid?

4. Meiosis
Meiosis occurs in sexual reproduction when a diploid germ cell produces four haploid daughter cells that can mature to become gametes (sperm or egg).

5. Meiosis Goal: reduce genetic material by half
Why? n (mom) + n (dad) = 2n (offspring)
from mom
from dad
child
too
much!
meiosis reduces
genetic content
Just right!

6. Meiosis: cell division in two parts
Sister
chromatids
separate
Diploid 2n
Diploid
Meiosis I
(reduction
division)
Meiosis II
Haploid
Chromatids
separate
(equational
division) 2n n
Result: one copy of each chromosome in a gamete.

7. Meiosis I : the reduction division
Prophase I
(early)
(diploid)
(late)
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Nucleus
Spindle
fibers
Nuclear
envelope

8. Nuclear envelope fragments.
Prophase I
Early prophase
Chromatids pair.
Crossing over occurs.
Late prophase
Chromosomes condense.
Spindle forms.
Nuclear envelope fragments.

9. Metaphase I
Chromatid pairs align
along the equator of the cell.

10. Anaphase I Chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
Sister chromatids remain
Attached at their centromeres.

11. Telophase I Nuclear envelopes reassemble. Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

12. Meiosis II Gene X Sister chromatids carry identical genetic
Meiosis II produces gametes with
one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each gene.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

13. Meiosis II : the equational division
Prophase II
(diploid)
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Four
Non-identical
haploid
daughter cells

14. Prophase II
Nuclear envelope fragments.
Spindle forms.

15. Metaphase II
Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

16. Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate
and move to opposite poles.

17. Telophase II Nuclear envelope assembles. Chromosomes unravel.
Spindle disappears.
Cytokinesis divides cell into two.

18. Results of meiosis
Four haploid cells
One copy of each chromosome

19. “Putting It All Together” - Fertilization

20. What Meiosis is About
Meiosis allows the creation of unique individuals
through sexual reproduction.

21. Sex cells in testes and ovaries Make gametes (sperm, egg, pollen)
Mitosis
Meiosis
Number of divisions 1 2
Number of daughter cells 4
Genetically identical?
Yes No
Chromosome #
Same as parent (2n)
Half of parent (n)
Where
Somatic cells
Sex cells in testes and ovaries
When
Throughout life
At sexual maturity
Role
Growth and repair
Make gametes (sperm, egg, pollen)

22. MITOSIS MEIOSIS Occurs in somatic (body) cells
Occurs only in gonads (sex organs: ovary/testes)
Produces cells for repair,
maintenance, growth, asexual reproduction
Only produces gametes (sex cells: egg/sperm)
Results in identical diploid (2n) daughter cells
Reduction division results in 4 haploid (n) sex cells