Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

DNA.

Published byDonald Dickerson Modified over 5 years ago

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "DNA."— Presentation transcript:

1 DNA

2 5a. Know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA & protein.

3 DNA Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material ____________________
genes blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation blueprint for building proteins ______________________ DNA proteins

4

5 DNA Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5

6 Double strand twists into a double helix
DNA Double strand twists into a double helix ______________ between nitrogen bases join the 2 strands ______________ A :: T C :: G the two strands can separate when our cells need to make copies of it It’s a helix or B sheet within a single region. Can have both in one protein but a specific region is one or another

7 DNA - double helix T A P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

8 Frederick Griffith British bacteriologist 1928 = performed experiment on __________________________ _____________________________. 2 strains of the bacteria Type S = ____________________ Type R = ____________________

9 Griffith’s Rats First he injected ___________________ bacteria into rats:

10 Second he injected ____________________ into the rats.

11 Next he injected ________________________ bacteria

12 Finally he injected a _______________________________________ :

13 Results of experiments:
Because the dead rat tissue showed ________________________, something “brought the Type S back to life” Actually ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Known as ___________________________. Confirmed by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty in 1944 Oswald Avery Canadian biologist ( ) Discovered “________________________” in 1944 with a team of scientists.

14 Hershey and Chase 1952 Solve the debate on whether DNA or proteins are genetic material. They used ___________ ______________________ to prove that _________ ______________________.

15

16 Phoebus A. Levene 1920’s discovered _________________ (building blocks of DNA) ____________

17 The Components of DNA There are 4 kinds of bases in in DNA: _________
DNA is made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts: a deoxyribose molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four different bases in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

18 Chargaff’s rules The amounts of _____________________________________ in DNA The amounts of ____________________________________________. Named after Erwin Chargaff

19 Hydrogen Bonds C N O The bases attract each other because of ________________________. (The bonds between _________________________ are shown here.)

20 O C N Hydrogen Bonds, cont.
When making ___________ ____________, cytosine always pairs up with guanine, and adenine always pairs up with thymine. (_________________________ are shown here.)

21 History ______________________________ & Maurice Wilkins had taken the 1st pictures of DNA using __________________________

22 Structure of DNA Discovered in 1953 by two scientists: ____________________ (USA) ____________________ (GBR) Known as the ____________ __________________________.

23 Watson Crick Wilkins has become a historical footnote and ___________________ are remembered as the Fathers of DNA

24 phosphate deoxyribose bases One Strand of DNA
The backbone of the molecule is alternating ____________________and _________________, a sugar, parts. The teeth are _________________________. phosphate deoxyribose {Point to the 3-D mode, if you have one, to show the parts as you discuss them.} bases

25 The double-helix A twisted ladder with two long chains of alternating ___________________________. The ________________________ act as the “rungs” joining the two strands.

26 The __________________________________
History The __________________________________ Francis Harry Compton Crick James Dewey Watson Rosalind Franklin (Died of cancer 1958) Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

27 Making New Cells __________________

28 DNA cell nucleus Copying DNA A dividing cell _________________________
creates 2 copies of all DNA separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of the cell splits into _________________________ Since the DNA starts _____________________ in the nucleus, if you tried to divide it like that, it could __________________ DNA cell nucleus

29 2 strands of DNA helix are ________________________
Copying DNA ___________________ 2 strands of DNA helix are ________________________ have one, can build other have one, can rebuild the whole when cells divide, they must duplicate DNA exactly for the new “daughter” cells Why is this a good system?

30 _________________________
Chromosomes & DNA _________________________

31 Organizing & packaging DNA
cell nucleus DNA has been “____________” _____________________ cell nucleus 4 chromosomes in this organism _____________________

32 All organisms have two types of chromosomes:
Genetic facts All organisms have two types of chromosomes: __________________ Both female and male have identical chromosomes except for one pair. ______________ are located on chromosomes

33 Chromosomes of Human Male
23 pairs

34 Chromosomes of Human Female
23 pairs

35 Usually the Y chromosome. __________________ Male genotype = XY
Male vs. Female MALE Usually the Y chromosome. __________________ Male genotype = XY FEMALE Usually the X chromosome. Larger than the Y __________________________ Except Birds Male = XX Female = XY

36 Paired bases DNA structure double helix 2 sides like a ladder Bases match together A pairs with T A = T C pairs with G C = G

37 DNA replication Before DNA can be replicated, it must be _______________ __________________ (enzyme that opens up strands) - break the ____________________ between bases DNA Helicase

38 Enzyme _______________ DNA bases in nucleus DNA replication DNA
polymerase

39 Completing the replication
After the DNA molecule splits apart, _____________________ bond to their complimentary nitrogen bases by _____________________.

40 Get 2 ____________________________ to split between new cells
New copies of DNA Get 2 ____________________________ to split between new cells DNA polymerase DNA polymerase

41 Copying DNA ______________________ allows DNA to be easily copied _______________________ means that you conserve part of the original structure in the new one. You end up with _______________________.

42 Copied & Paired Up Chromosomes
_____________________ human chromosomes ready for mitosis ___________

43 DNA must be duplicated…
chromosomes in cell 4 single-stranded chromosomes nucleus cell _______________________ nucleus cell ______________________ duplicated chromosomes 4 double-stranded chromosomes

44 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
Stage 1: _______________________ Copy DNA! DNA cell nucleus (_________________)

45 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
Stage 2: ________________________________ DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it ____________ duplicated chromosomes Wind up! cell nucleus (______________)

46 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
Stage 3: Chromosomes line up _________________________________ attached to protein “cables” that will help them move Line up! duplicated chromosomes lined up in middle of cell (_____________)

47 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
Stage 4: Chromosomes separate ________________________________ start moving to opposite ends Separate! chromosomes split & move to _____________ (___________)

48 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
Stage 5: Cell starts to divide cells start to divide _____________________ Divide! (______________)

49 Mitosis: Dividing DNA & cells
Stage 6: ______________________ cells separate now they can do their every day jobs Bye Bye! (_____________)

50 New “daughter” cells Get 2 exact copies of original cells ______________

Download ppt "DNA."

Similar presentations

Chapter 12 Genetic facts in 1900: Both female and male organisms have identical chromosomes except for one pair. Genes are located on chromosomes All.

Chapter 12 Genetic facts in 1900: Both female and male organisms have identical chromosomes except for one pair. Genes are located on chromosomes All.
Chapter 12 Genetic facts in 1900: Both female and male organisms have identical chromosomes except for one pair. Genes are located on chromosomes All.

Chapter 12 Genetic facts in 1900: Both female and male organisms have identical chromosomes except for one pair. Genes are located on chromosomes All.
DNA: The Molecule of Heredity

DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
Bellringer – Part 1 1. Define DNA 2. Define RNA 3. Define messengerRNA 4. Define Nucleotide 5. Define histone 6. Define DNA polymerase 7. Define Double-Helix.

Bellringer – Part 1 1. Define DNA 2. Define RNA 3. Define messengerRNA 4. Define Nucleotide 5. Define histone 6. Define DNA polymerase 7. Define Double-Helix.
1 History Before the 1940’s scientists didn’t know what material caused inheritance. They suspected it was either DNA or proteins.

1 History Before the 1940’s scientists didn’t know what material caused inheritance. They suspected it was either DNA or proteins.
The Components and Structure of DNA DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

The Components and Structure of DNA DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA The Blueprint of Life.

DNA The Blueprint of Life.
DNA Structure and Replication. Frederick Griffith (1927) showed that avirulent strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae could be transformed to virulence.

DNA Structure and Replication. Frederick Griffith (1927) showed that avirulent strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae could be transformed to virulence.
Review What organelle is the “control center” of the cell? The nucleus What structures are found in the nucleus? Chromosomes What structures are located.

Review What organelle is the “control center” of the cell? The nucleus What structures are found in the nucleus? Chromosomes What structures are located.
1 2 3 DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.

1 2 3 DNA DNA.DNA is often called the blueprint of life. In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell.
DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.

DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.

DNA Structure, Function & Replication. DNA stands for… DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
The History of DNA. 1.Griffith- experiment showed that live uncoated bacteria acquired the ability to make coats from dead coated bacteria. He called.

The History of DNA. 1.Griffith- experiment showed that live uncoated bacteria acquired the ability to make coats from dead coated bacteria. He called.
DNA & RNA. Before We Knew about DNA  Gregor Mendel – the “father of genetics” was a monk who, in the 1800’s, was the first person to hypothesize “factors”

DNA & RNA. Before We Knew about DNA  Gregor Mendel – the “father of genetics” was a monk who, in the 1800’s, was the first person to hypothesize “factors”
DNA History Function Structure Replication. History - Structure Erwin Chargaff –1950’s Discovered that the amount of A is always equal to the amount of.

DNA History Function Structure Replication. History - Structure Erwin Chargaff –1950’s Discovered that the amount of A is always equal to the amount of.
DNA. Characteristics of DNA 1. Supplies instructions for cell processes, like how to make proteins 2. Can be copied each time a cell divides 3. It is.

DNA. Characteristics of DNA 1. Supplies instructions for cell processes, like how to make proteins 2. Can be copied each time a cell divides 3. It is.
Unit 4: DNA & Protein Synthesis Ch 9: Chemistry of the Gene DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Unit 4: DNA & Protein Synthesis Ch 9: Chemistry of the Gene DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
DNA History, Structure, and Replication. DNA History Important People: 1928 Frederick Griffith 1928 Frederick Griffith 1944 Oswald Avery 1944 Oswald Avery.

DNA History, Structure, and Replication. DNA History Important People: 1928 Frederick Griffith 1928 Frederick Griffith 1944 Oswald Avery 1944 Oswald Avery.
11.1 Notes DNA. DNA notes outline I. Where found? II. Scientists: A. Hershey & Chase: B. Franklin: C. Watson & Crick: III. Parts of DNA nucleotide 1.

11.1 Notes DNA. DNA notes outline I. Where found? II. Scientists: A. Hershey & Chase: B. Franklin: C. Watson & Crick: III. Parts of DNA nucleotide 1.
Aim: What is DNA composed of?

Aim: What is DNA composed of?

Similar presentations

Ads by Google