1. Figure: 12-03
Title:
E. coli and its DNA
Caption:
Electron micrograph of the bacterium E. coli, which has had its DNA released by osmotic shock. The chromosome is 1200 micrometer long. (Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

2. Figure: 12-05
Title:
Gene Products that Are Essential to Mitochondrial Function
Caption:
Gene products that are essential to mitochondrial function. Those shown entering the organelle are derived from the cytoplasm and encoded by the nucleus.

3. Figure: 12-06
Title:
Chloroplast DNA from Lettuce
Caption:
Electron micrograph of chloroplast DNA obtained from lettuce. (Dr. Richard D. Kolodnar/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute)

4. Figure: 12-07
Title:
Polytene Chromosomes from Drosophila
Caption:
Polytene chromosomes derived from larval salivary gland cells of Drosophila. (M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited)

5. Figure: 12-08b
Title:
Polytene Chromosomes Puff
Caption:
The diagram depicts the uncoiling of strands within a band (B) region to produce a puff (P) in polytene chromosomes. Interband regions (IB) are also labeled.

6. Figure: 12-09a
Title:
Lampbrush Chromosomes
Caption:
Lampbrush chromosomes derived from amphibian oocytes. (Photograph by Nicole Angelier, Inc.)

7. Figure: 12-10a
Title:
Dark-field Electron Micrograph of Nucleosomes
Caption:
Dark-field electron micrograph of nucleosomes present in chromatin derived from a chicken erythrocyte nucleus. (Olins and Olins, Figure 1.)

8. Figure: 12-10b
Title:
Dark-field Electron Micrograph of Nucleosomes
Caption:
Dark-field electron micrograph of nucleosomes produced by micrococcal nuclease digestion. (Olins and Olins, Figure 4.)

9. Figure: 12-11a
Title:
General Model of the Association of Histones
Caption:
General model of the association of histones and DNA in the nucleosome, showing how the chromatin fiber can coil into a more condensed structure, ultimately producing a metaphase chromosome.

10. Figure: 12-11b
Title:
General Model of the Association of Histones
Caption:
General model of the association of histones and DNA in the nucleosome, showing how the chromatin fiber can coil into a more condensed structure, ultimately producing a metaphase chromosome.

11. Figure: 12-13
Title:
Categories of Repetitive DNA
Caption:
An overview of the categories of repetitive DNA.

12. Figure: 12-14
Title:
Graph of Main-band and Satellite DNA from a Mouse
Caption:
Separation of main-band (MB) and satellite (S) DNA from the mouse, using ultracentrifugation in a CsCl gradient.

13. Figure: 12-15
Title:
In situ Molecular Hybridization
Caption:
In situ molecular hybridization between RNA transcribed from mouse satellite DNA and mitotic chromosomes. The grains in the autoradiograph localize the chromosome regions (the centromeres) containing satellite DNA sequences. (Pardue and Gall © Keter)

14. Figure: 12-16
Title:
Nucleotide Sequence Information
Caption:
Nucleotide sequence information derived from DNA of the three major centromere regions of chromosomes 3, 4, 6, and 11 of yeast.

15. Figure: 12-UN01
Title:
Problems and Discussion
Caption:
Question 22: Using molecular methods to “label” chromosomes with fluorescent dyes, Nagele and colleagues (1995. Science 270: 1831–35) observed a precise nuclear positioning of chromosomes during an early stage of mitosis (prometaphase) in human fibroblast cells. Below is a sketch modified from this research that describes the relative positions of chromosomes 7, 8, 16, and X. Homologous chromosomes share the same color. Assuming that this pattern is consistent among other cells in humans, what conclusions can be drawn regarding the nuclear positions of the chromosomes during interphase and during the initial phases of mitosis? How could chromosomal localization influence gene function during interphase?

16. Figure: 12-T01
Title:
Table 12-1
Caption:
The Genetic Material of Representative Viruses and Bacteria

17. Figure: 12-T02
Title:
Table 12-2
Caption:
The Size of mtDNA in Different Organisms

18. Figure: 12-T03
Title:
Table 12-3
Caption:
Sedimentation Coefficients of Mitochondrial Ribosomes

19. Figure: 12-T04
Title:
Table 12-4
Caption:
Categories and Properties of Histone Proteins