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Electromagnetic waves
LECTURE Ch 17 & Ch 18 Electromagnetic waves Transverse wave Oscillating quantities: electric and magnetic fields, in phase, perpendicular to each other and direction of propagation Can travel through vacuum, speed is c = 3.0 x 108 m.s-1 In transparent medium, speed is v = c / n where n is a property of the medium called refractive index When electromagnetic waves are emitted or absorbed by an atom, done so in quanta of energy: E = h f CP 551
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Electromagnetic spectrum
VISIBLE SPECTRUM 700 nm 400 nm c = f E = h f Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet Visible Infrared Microwaves Radio Increasing frequency Increasing wavelength Red orange yellow green blue indigo violet CP 588
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What produces an image in an optical microscope?
REFRACTION How can we see? What produces an image in an optical microscope? What happens when light passes through a transparent material? dispersion CP 588
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The ratio of the speed of an electromagnetic wave, c in vacuum to that in the medium, v is defined as the refractive index, n When a wave enters a new medium (different wave speed) at an angle the wavefront must bend. This bending is called refraction. The amount of bending is described by Snell's Law (Law of Refaction) CP 588
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CP 588
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reflection reflection refraction refraction n1 n1 normal normal 1 1
2 2 refraction n1 > n2 sin1 < sin2 refracted ray bent away from normal Critical angle sin2 = 1 sin1 = sinC = n2 / n1 n1 < n2 sin1 > sin2 refracted ray bent towards normal total internal reflection CP 588
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What produces an image in an optical microscope?
REFRACTION How can we see? What produces an image in an optical microscope? What happens when light passes through a transparent material? dispersion CP 588
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Refraction When light enters the eye, most of the light is bent at the cornea and fine adjusts by the lens to focus the light onto the retina. Glasses correct for eye defects to produce a focussed image. In a transmission optical microscope light passes through a sample and the path of the light is bend by the various lens. The image gives a "map" of the refractive index variation throughout the sample. Fiberoptics – bending of light through a glass fibre (total internal reflection). CP 588
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THIN FILM INTERFERENCE
CP 563
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THIN FILM INTERFERENCE
Thin films are responsible for colours of soap bubbles, oil sticks, iridescence of peacock feathers, blooming of camera lenses … . When light impinges on the first surface of a transparent film, a portion of the incident wave is partially reflected and partially transmitted. The transmitted portion is then reflected from a second surface and emerges back out of the film. Thus, emerging from the thin film are two waves (1) wave reflected from front surface and (2) wave reflected from rear surface. The two waves have different path optical lengths that is determined by the width of the film. The two waves will eventually interfere and the interference pattern observed will depend upon the thickness of the film. Consider a thin oil film with varying thickness. Whenever the film is exactly the right thickness for the two waves of emerging red light to undergo constructive interference, the film will appear red at this location and the same for the other colours for different thicknesses in different locations. Thus, the oil film will show its characteristic with multi-coloured fringe pattern when viewed under white light. CP 563
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We have seen examples already: beats and standing waves
Review: Interference We have seen examples already: beats and standing waves When superimposing (adding) waves we sometimes get constructive interference (max amplitude), destructive interference (zero amplitude), and in between situations. Consider two sources which are in phase (coherent), emitting waves of the same amplitude At any location the resultant disturbance is the sum of the individual waves at that point. In some places there will be maxima (constructive interference) In other places there will be zeros (destructive interference) CP 555
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What determines the type of interference?
Review: Interference What determines the type of interference? Constructive interference - why? Two sources, in phase (coherent) For every wavelength path difference there is 2 phase difference CP 555
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Interference of waves - water waves
Interference of waves - light fringes CP 555
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THIN FILM INTERFERENCE
v = c / nf CP 563
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The optical path length is (2d) nf
The reflected wave from the rear surface travels an extra distance 2d (path difference) before it is superimposed and interferes with the wave reflected from the front surface. The wavelength f of the wave in the film is different from that in a vacuum o The optical path length is (2d) nf The phase difference between the two waves is The 's are determined from the reflections at the interfaces. Remember a pulse travelling down a thin string is reflected with a phase shift of rad (inverted) at the interface with a heavy string. So a reflected light wave has a change of phase when it is incident upon a material that has a greater refractive index (optically more dense). CP 563
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For constructive interference = m (2) rad
For destructive interference = (2m+1)() rad Thin film destructive interference is the principle behind coating optical surfaces such as lenses to reduce reflections so more light then can be transmitted. An uncoated air-glass interface reflects ~ 4% of the incident light. In a multiple lens system, the loss of transmitted light can be significant. Often lens are coated with magnetism fluoride to reduce reflections to produce a gain in the transmission of the lens system. For thick films it becomes possible for many different colours to have their maxima at the same locations. Where many wavelengths can interfere constructively at the same time, the reflected colour becomes increasing unsaturated and the fringe contrast disappears. CP 563
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Soap film fringes illuminated by white light
Why does the film look dark at the top (where it is thinnest)? air | water | air CP 563
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Reflection from soap films
Film has higher refractive index than medium on either side (air) At first interface refractive index increases, at second refractive index decreases In this case there is (180) phase difference between the reflected beams, in addition to phase difference due to path difference. 1 = 2 = 0 What is the thickness of the soap film ? constructive interference m(2) = 2 (2d nf / o) - destructive interference (2m+1) = 2 (2d nf / o) - : CP 563
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Anti-reflection coating
Thin film of material with refractive index between that of air and glass on a lens. Choose thickness so there is destructive interference between light reflected from each interface Why do such lens look ‘purple’? Anti-reflection coating: destructive interference The film thickness d is equal to an odd number of quarter wavelengths f Waves reflected from the two interfaces are (180) out of phase CP 563
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Anti-reflective coating
2 - 1 = 0 1= 2= Destructive interference thinnest film = 2 (2d nf / o) + 0 d = o / (4 nf) = f / 4 n1 = 1 air nf d film n2 glass n1 < nf < n2
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Problem PHYS 1002 Exam, 2002 In air (n = 1.00) light is incident normally on a thin film with an index of refraction n = The film covers a glass lens of refractive index What is the minimum thickness of the film to minimise reflection of blue light (400 nm)? n1 =1 d thin film [Ans: d =80 nm]
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Problem 10.2 Light is incident normally on a thin film with an index of reflection n =1.35. The film covers a glass lens of refractive index 1.5. What is the thickness of the film to maximise the reflection of red light (633 nm)?
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reflection at front interface n1 < nf 1 =
Solution I S E E n1 = nf = n2 = o = 633 nm = 63310-9 m To maximise reflections we need the reflected waves to interfere constructively. you need to add diagram reflection at front interface n1 < nf 1 = reflection at rear interface nf < n2 2 = 2 - 1 = 0 can ignore the total phase change due to interface reflections
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Problem 10.3 PHYS 1002 Exam, 2004 - Question 12
(a) Explain the meaning of the concepts of constructive and destructive interference when applied to two monochromatic waves. You can draw diagrams showing the waves produced by two sources as part of your answer. (b) When light reflects off a surface it can have zero change in phase or a change in phase. What is the significance of the refractive index in determining this change upon reflection? (c) A fused silica lens of refractive index 1.46 is surrounded by air. Explain why a ‘quarter wavelength’ thick magnesium fluoride (refractive index of 1.38) coating over the front surface of the lens can reduce reflections and hence increase the amount of light transmitted through the lens. (d) Light from a helium neon laser (wavelength 633 nm) is normally incident upon the coated lens described in part (c). What is the minimum thickness of the film that will result in minimum reflected intensity [Ans: d = 115 nm]
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Problem 10.4 Oil (n = 1.20) leaking from a damaged tanker creates a large oil slick on the harbour (n = 1.33). In order to determine the thickness of the oil slick, a plane is flown when the Sun is overhead. The sunlight reflected directly below the plane is found to have intensity maxima at 450 nm and 600 nm, and no wavelengths in between. What is the thickness of the oil slick? [Ans 750 nm]
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