1. THE CELL

2. Key Points: Structure (and importance) of cell membrane
Structure (and function) of organelles
Interconnections between cells to maintain structural stability in body tissues.

3. Typical cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Cytosol Membranous
Non membranous

4. Vault- large ribonucleoproteins; transport mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm  

5. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

6. Fill in the blanks
The ________ ________ model describes the structure of the plasma membrane.
In this model the membrane is seen as a bilayer of ______________ in which protein molecules are embedded.
Name the functions of cell membrane proteins
1. _____________
2. _____________
3. _____________
4. _____________
5. _____________
Membrane permeability covered in physiology

7. Cytosol (hyaloplasm)
The liquid component of the cytoplasm surrounding the organelles and other insoluble cytoplasmic structures.
It is the site of various chemical reactions.
Eg : glycolysis
It consists of water (aqueous), organic molecules and dissolved ions.

8. Cytosol

9. Membranous Organelles

10. The Nucleus

11. The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
It is the largest organelle in the cell and contains the DNA.
Nucleolus is inside the nucleus.
It is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes.
The fenestrations (openings) on the surface of the nucleus are the nuclear pores, through which molecules move in and out of the nucleus.

12. DNA + _________ proteins = Nucleosome
The DNA of all cells is made up of ___________.
DNA + _________ proteins = Nucleosome
____________ + Linker DNA = Chromatin

13. Mitochondrion

14. Cellular power plants - generate Adenosine Tri-Phosphate(ATP) as
a source of chemical energy.
There are more mitochondria in more active cells.
Eg: Skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells.
Q : From which gametocyte does the
mitochondrion inherit its genome?
A : Ovum

15. Smooth (SER) & Rough (RER) Endoplasmic Reticulum
ER is a network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
There are two types of ER
Function : Synthesis Storage Transport
of proteins

16. Fill in the blanks
When ______________are attached it is called RER and SER when there are no ______________ attached. 
The RER is where most ________________ occurs in the cell.
The function of the SER is to synthesize __________in the cell.
The SER also helps in the ___________of harmful substances in the cell.

17. Golgi Apparatus Packaging and shipping of proteins
Cell membrane renewal

18. Lysosomes The recycling compartment of the cell.
Engulf cellular and endocytosed proteins, lipids that need digestion.
The resulting metabolites are transported either as vesicles or directly across the membrane.

19. Name A , B, C & D

20. Non-membranous Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrioles
Ribosomes

21. Cytoskeleton Q. Name the 4 protein components: ________________
Q. What is its function: ____________

22. Direct formation of mitotic spindle.

24. Centrosome
An area in the cell where microtubles are produced (microtubule organizing center).
It is composed of 2 centrioles, each made up of a ring of 9 groups of microtubules -3 fused microtubules in each group.
One centriole is perpendicular to the other.
During cell division, the centrosome divides and the centrioles replicate (make new copies).
It results in two centrosomes, each with its own pair of centrioles.
The two centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus, and from each centrosome microtubules grow into a spindle.
It is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into the 2 daughter cells.

25. Ribosomes Q:
Eukaryotic ribosomes are made up of 60% _______ & 40% _______.
They are active in _______ synthesis.
There are 2 types of ribosomes
__________ A:
60% RNA + 40% Protein
Active in protein synthesis
There are fixed (on RER) and free ribosomes

26. Intercellular Attachments
1) Gap Junctions
channel proteins interlock and form pores
Q: Where are they abundantly seen?
A: in cardiac and smooth muscle

27. 2) Tight Junctions Interlocking membrane proteins
Q: Where are they abundantly seen?
A: surface of epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

28. 3) Desmosomes
Proteoglycan layer reinforced by transmembrane proteins (cell
adhesion molecules)
3 types - Belt, button & hemi-desmosomes
Q: Where are they abundantly seen?
A: Found in superficial layers of skin

29. ANSWERS

30. Functions of cell membrane proteins
The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane.
In this model the membrane is seen as a bi-layer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded.
Functions of cell membrane proteins
Cell adhesion
Carriers
Pumps
Ion channels
Receptors
Enzymes
Membrane permeability covered in physiology

32. The DNA of all cells is made up of nucleotides.
DNA + Histone proteins = Nucleosome
Nucleosome + Linker DNA = Chromatin

33. Answer
When ribosomes are attached it is called RER and SER when there are no ribosomes attached. 
The RER is where most of the protein synthesis occurs in the cell.
The function of the SER is to synthesize lipids in the cell.
The SER also helps in the detoxification of harmful substances in the cell.

35. The 4 protein components are,
Microfilaments (mostly actin)
Intermediate filaments
Thick filaments (composed of myosin subunits)
Microtubules (composed of tubulin subunits)
Function:
Maintain cell shape & integrity
Support & move cellular structures & materials

37. THE END