1. Climate and Change

2. Weather vs. Climate
Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere.
Climate refers to average conditions over long periods and is defined by year-after-year patterns of temperature and precipitation.
Climate is rarely uniform even within a region. Environmental conditions can vary over small distances, creating microclimates.
For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, south-facing sides of trees and buildings receive more sunlight, and are often warmer and drier, than north- facing sides. These differences can be very important to many organisms.

3. Factors That Affect Climate
Global climate is shaped by 3 main factors
1.solar energy trapped in the biosphere
2. Latitude
3. transport of heat by winds and ocean currents

4. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect
The main force that shapes our climate is solar energy that arrives as sunlight that strikes Earth’s surface.
Some of that energy is reflected back into space, and some is absorbed and converted into heat.

5. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect
Some of the heat energy radiates back into space, and some is trapped in the biosphere.
The balance between heat that stays in the biosphere and heat lost to space determines Earth’s average temperature.

6. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect
Earth’s temperature is largely controlled by concentrations of three atmospheric gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor.
These “greenhouse gases” function like glass in a greenhouse, allowing visible light to enter but trapping heat through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.

7. Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect
If greenhouse gas concentrations rise, they trap more heat, so Earth warms. If their concentrations fall, more heat escapes, and Earth cools.
Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be about 30 °Celsius cooler than it is today.

8. Climate Change
The most reliable current information available on global climate change contains data and analyses accepted by climate scientists from around the world and the governments participating in the study.

9. Recognizing a Problem: Global Warming
The report confirms earlier observations that global temperatures are rising. This increase in average temperature is called global warming.
The report discusses climate change—changes in patterns of temperature, rainfall, and other physical environmental factors that can result from global warming.

10. Physical Evidence
Eleven of the twelve years between and 2006 were among the warmest years since temperature recording began in 1850.
Between 1906 and 2005, Earth’s average global temperature rose 0.74°C. The largest changes are occurring in and near the Arctic Circle.

11. Physical Evidence

12. Physical Evidence
Sea level has risen since 1961 at a rate of 1.8 mm each year. This increase is caused by warmer water expanding and by melting glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets.

13. Physical Evidence: Changes in Sea Ice and Changes in Sea Level

14. Biological Evidence
Each organism’s geographic range is determined by factors like temperature, humidity, and rainfall. If those conditions change, the organisms can be affected.
For example, if temperature rises, organisms would usually move toward cooler places or higher altitudes.
In addition, plant flowering and animal breeding are often cued by seasonal changes. If warming is occurring, these organisms should respond as though spring begins earlier.

15. Biological Evidence
Data from 75 studies covering 1700 species of plants and animals confirms that many species and communities are responding as though they are experiencing rising temperatures.
Yellow-bellied marmots, for example, are coming out of hibernation more than a month earlier than they used to.

16. Researching the Cause
Researchers had to determine whether current warming is part of a natural cycle or whether it is caused by human activity.
Their report documents that concentrations of carbon dioxide and several other greenhouse gases have increased significantly over the last 200 years. Several kinds of data suggest this increase is due to the burning of fossil fuels, combined with the cutting and burning of forests worldwide. These activities add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere faster than the carbon cycle removes it.

17. Researching the Cause:

18. How Much Change?
Researchers use computer models, which involve assumptions about climate and human activities. For these reasons, predictions are open to debate.
The result of six different models, which predict that average global temperatures will rise by the end of the twenty-first century from just under 2°C to as much as 6.4°C higher than they were in the year

19. Possible Effects of Climate Change
Some climate changes are likely to threaten ecosystems, sea levels may rise enough to flood some coastal ecosystems, and some models suggest that parts of North America may experience more droughts during the summer growing season.

20. Changing Behavior: The Challenges Ahead
Scientists have been saying for more than two decades that the world needs to recognize the importance of climate change and take steps to minimize further warming. Changes in behavior are needed to cut back on greenhouse gas emissions.

21. Changing Behavior: The Challenges Ahead
Nations of the world have begun holding international climate summits, at which they attempt to work out agreements to protect the atmosphere and climate.
Changing Behavior: The Challenges Ahead

22. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Ecosystem goods and services are classified as either renewable or nonrenewable.
A renewable resource can be produced or replaced by a healthy ecosystem. Wind is a renewable resource.

23. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Some resources are nonrenewable resources because natural processes cannot replenish them within a reasonable amount of time. Fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are nonrenewable resources formed from buried organic materials over millions of years.

24. Sustainable Resource Use
Using natural resources in a way that does not cause long-term environmental harm is called sustainable development.
Sustainable development should cause no long-term harm to the soil, water, and climate on which it depends. It should consume as little energy and material as possible.