1. Essay Writing Internal Documentation
a.k.a. in-text citation or parenthetical citation

2. Why use internal documentation?
refers reader to works cited page
shows reader you did your research
makes you more credible and believable

3. Example of internal documentation
Essay Works Cited
Que 1
Susie Que Mrs. Kurth English April Crime in the U.S Crime is rising in most metropolitan areas in the United States (Barker 25).
Que 7
Works Cited Barker, Tim. Crime in the United States. New York: Harper Perennial, Print. Jones, Sally. Books Are Great. Dallas: Real Cool Publishing, Inc., Print.

4. When do I document? Always cite your source when you:
quote an author directly
put an author’s ideas in your own words
summarize facts you found from research
If you do not cite, you are plagiarizing! Even if it’s in your own words, you have to give credit to the author for the ideas and facts you found; if you don’t, you are saying these ideas are your own, which is theft.

5. What are the rules? - usually end of sentence
Put internal documentation in parenthesis
Put internal documentation at end of thought
- usually end of sentence
- sometimes at end of phrase
- include wherever it’s least distracting
Include the author’s name and page # unless:
- you already mention author in sentence
- author isn’t provided
- page # isn’t provided (websites)
Add punctuation after internal documentation
Crime is rising in most metropolitan areas in the United States (Barker 25).

6. Rules: where to place it
Put internal documentation at end of thought
Crime is rising in most metropolitan areas in the United States (Barker 25).
usually at end of sentence

7. Rules: what punctuation to include
Put internal documentation in parenthesis
Crime is rising in most metropolitan areas in the United States (Barker 25).
parenthesis before and after

8. Rules: what to include Include the author’s name and page #
Crime is rising in most metropolitan areas in the United States (Barker 25).
author
page # on which this fact was found

9. Rules: where to place end punctuation
Add punctuation after internal documentation
Crime is rising in most metropolitan areas in the United States (Barker 25).
period goes after internal documentation

10. Exceptions to the rules: author’s name in sentence
Including an expert’s name in sentence
- gives you more credibility if you cite an expert
- only needed the first time you introduce this source
Barra, author of “Intercultural Communication Stumbling Blocks” states, “learning the language, which most foreign visitors consider their only barrier to understanding, is actually only the beginning” (25).
Fred Donner, law professor at Harvard University, stated, “capital punishment violates the Constitution of the U.S. in that it is discriminatory and is a form of cruel and unusual punishment” (16).
author
author
Don’t include author again
Don’t include author again

11. Exceptions to the rules: anonymous authors
In-text: The number of people who are becoming vegetarians has been on the rise since the 1970s (“Trends in Eating Habits” 24).
Works cited: “Trends in Eating Habits.” Vegetarian Times Mar. 2000: Print.
Note: If you cite Vegetarian Times in your in-text citation rather than “Trends in Eating Habits,” readers will have a hard time locating the source in the works cited page. They would have been searching under “V” for Vegetarian Times instead of “T” for “Trends.” In addition, what if you use several articles from Vegetarian Times? How would readers know which one you mean?

12. Exceptions to the rules: electronic sources
Websites don’t have page numbers, so substitute with:
- paragraph #s
- sections of the website (e.g. introduction)
- screen #s
Examples:
1. Paragraphs: “Sleep deprivation affects 1 out of 4 teens” (Barton, par. 5).
2. Sections: “Sleep deprivation affects 1 out of 4 teens” (Barton, Introduction).
3. Screens: “Sleep deprivation affects 1 out of 4 teens” (Barton, screens 2-3).

13. Exceptions to the rules: more than one author
If there’s more than one author:
- List all the last names of the authors in the same order as you did in your works cited page (Franklin, Cardigan, and Davis 25).
- List the last name of the first author listed in the works cited page followed by et al. (Franklin et al. 25).
If there’s more than one source by the same author:
- also include the title or a shortened version of the title after the name and before the page number (Chaplan, “Homes” 3).

14. Other tricky situations
Two Authors with the Same Last Name:
- include the first initial (L. Rivers 23).
- if they share the same first initial, use the entire first name (Lucy Rivers 23).
Using Two Sources to Support a Statement: Include the last name and page number of the first author followed by a semicolon and the last name and page number of the second author.
- (Kipp 22; Randolph 3)
- (Natl. Research Council 3-5; “Death” 2)
Indirect Source: someone’s published account of another’s spoken remarks.
- Greenough claims that genetic engineering can be “a frightening concept when misunderstood” (qtd. in Lerner 45).
Note: Lerner is the author of the book where you found this quote. Thus, Lerner will
appear in your works cited page, not Greenough. If you only included the page number here, your reader would believe Greenough was the author and would look for her name in the works cited page.