1. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Pericles as Leader
Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general
Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

2. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Stronger Democracy
Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy
Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through representatives

3. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Athenian Empire
Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet.
Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power.
Glorifying Athens
Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent.

4. Athenians and Spartans Go to War
Sparta Gains Victory
415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on the island of Sicily.
Athens is defeated in 413 B.C.
Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C.

5. Athenians and Spartans Go to War
War Begins
431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
Peloponnesian War
Sparta has a better army.
Athens has a better navy.
Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many—including Pericles.
Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C.

6. Athenians and Spartans Go to War
Sparta Gains Victory
415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on the island of Sicily.
Athens is defeated in 413 B.C.
Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C.

7. Drama and History Tragedy and Comedy
Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry
Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy
Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and war
Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor
Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, Sophicles
Historians Herodotus and Thucydides record and study past events

8. A Greek theater

9. Olympic Games
According to historical records, the first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. They were dedicated to the Olympian gods and were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. They continued for nearly 12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed in 393 A.D. that all such "pagan cults" be banned.

10. Running / Jumping / Discus Throw
Running contests included:
the stade race, which was the pre-eminent test of speed, covering the Olympia track from one end to the other (200m foot race),
the diaulos (two stades - 400m foot race),
dolichos (ranging between 7 and 24 stades).

11. Jumping
Athletes used stone or lead weights called halteres to increase the distance of a jump. They held onto the weights until the end of their flight, and then jettisoned them backwards.
Discus throw
The discus was originally made of stone and later of iron, lead or bronze. The technique was very similar to today's freestyle discus throw.
Wrestling
This was highly valued as a form of military exercise without weapons. It ended only when one of the contestants admitted defeat.

12. Boxing
Pankration-MMA
Equestrian events

13. Alexander the Great
Ruler of the World

14. Why “the Great”?
In ten years, Alexander of Macedonia created the largest empire in the world up to that time
Alexander spread Greek culture, ensuring cultural diffusion and the survival of the qualities of classical Greece

15. Alexander’s Empire

16. Alexander’s origins Born in Pella, Macedonia Tutored by the Greek
philosopher, Aristotle
His father, Philip, was king of Macedonia, and had conquered the Greek city states during his 27 year reign

17.                                                                                
                                                           
Olympia
Alexander’s mother
Philip
Alexander’s father

18. Alexander Rules
Philip was murdered in 336 B.C. by an assassin…maybe hired by his wife, Olympia…
So Alexander was only 20
when he became king of
Macedonia
                                                   

19. Securing his father’s empire
Alexander squelched rebellions in the northern regions to the Danube River
In the process of reconquering the Greek city states, his forces destroyed Thebes, massacring all, including women and children

20. From Pompeii mosaic

21. Expanding the Empire
Alexander’s forces of over 40,000 crossed at the Dardanelles into Asia, where he declared that the whole of Asia would be won by the spear

22. The Gordian Knot
The Gordian Knot: the legend behind the ancient knot was that the man who could untie it was destined to rule the entire world.
Alexander simply slashed the knot with his sword and unraveled it.

23. Defeating Darius of Persia
#1: Alexander’s forced dispatched the Persian army, losing only 110 men (legend)
#2: Again Alexander was victorious, and Darius was forced to flee, abandoning is mother, wife and children to Alexander
                 

24. Major cities in Asia Minor and along the Phoenician coast surrendered to Alexander
Alexander proceeded to Egypt, where he established the city of Alexandria and was made pharaoh

25. Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued…
#3: Yet again, Alexander’s forces defeated Darius, this time in Mesopotamia…
Alexander was proclaimed king of Persia and Darius’s royal city and palace were burned to the ground…
Persepolis
Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued…

26. When Darius was found murdered by his own men, Alexander executed the assassins and gave Darius a royal funeral
                                                   
Ruins of
Persepolis

27. Alexander’s divinity While in Egypt, Alexander
had visited the temple of
Amon-Ra
The oracle proclaimed that Alexander was the divine son of Amon-Ra and destined to rule the world
Conflicts arose with his Greek soldiers as he adopted Persian dress & demanded to be recognized as a god

28. The limits of expansion
In the spring of 327 BC, Alexander and his army marched into India
As he conquered regions he allowed rulers to continue to govern in his name

29. In India, Alexander’s horse was killed…
Bucephalus
In India, Alexander’s horse was killed…
He mourned his loss and named a city in his honor
'O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee.'
Alexander on his favorite horse, Bucephalus
Philip to Alexander (Plutarch, Alexander 6.8.)

30. Retreat
At the Indus, the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go any farther
The forces travelled down the Indus and began the arduous journey back to Mesopotamia
His best friend, Hephaestion, died of a fever; to console himself, Alexander led a ferocious military campaign and went on a drinking binge

31. Securing a legacy Alexander made Babylonia the capital of his Empire
He married one of Darius’ daughters and “encouraged” 10,000 of his soldiers to take Persian wives
He died the following year at 33 before he could produce an heir and his kingdom was divided among 3 of his generals

32. Antigonus
Seleucus
Ptolemy

33. The mystery of Alexander’s death
Alexander died of a fever at 33… but why?
Plutarch reports that he was had been plagued by several bad “omens”
Some others from the time claimed Alexander was poisoned during the drinking binge