2. Understanding Human Development3
Understanding Human Development

3. Distinguish between growth and development.
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4. Understanding Human Development
Growth refers to physical changes
Stages of development are similar for almost everyone

5. What is the difference between growth and development?
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6. Identify the main types of human development.
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7. Physical Development Physical development includes
gross-motor skills, such as walking and throwing
fine-motor skills, such as picking up objects and eating with a spoon

8. Cognitive Development
Cognition involves
knowing
memorizing
sensing
organizing
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9. Cognitive Development
Cognitive development is also called intellectual development
Cognitive skills increase gradually over time
Connections between brain nerve cells is key to cognitive development
Brain connections strengthen with experiences starting in infancy

10. Social-Emotional Development
Social-emotional development includes
relationships
feelings
social skills
self-confidence and self-esteem
self-control
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11. Social-Emotional Development
Challenges increase as development progresses
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12. Develop examples that illustrate principles of development.
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13. Principles of Human Development
Development is relatively orderly
Developing is a gradual, continual process
Development is interrelated
Development varies among individuals

14. Development Is Relatively Orderly
Development occurs in a sequence of steps
Predictable steps consistently follow one after another
Teachers use this knowledge to design appropriate learning strategies for their students’ age

15. Give examples of how development occurs in predictable steps.
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16. Development Is a Gradual, Continuous Process
Developmental changes happen gradually
They become apparent over time
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17. Development Is Interrelated
Acquiring new skills requires gains in several areas
Physical development
Cognitive development
Social development
Emotional development

18. As a teen, in what ways have you developed physically. cognitively
As a teen, in what ways have you developed physically? cognitively? socially? emotionally?
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19. Development Varies Among Individuals
Many factors affect development
Each person’s progress is unique
Different rates
Slightly different time schedules

20. Define a developmental theory.
Apply developmental theories to real-life situations.
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21. Theories of Development
Researchers formulate developmental theories by
analyzing behavior and development
observing people
performing experiments
considering earlier research studies
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22. Theories of Development
Developmental theories help teachers
understand what students are capable of and why
get a broader picture than limited experiences and observations provide
Many developmental theories exist

23. Heredity Versus Environment
Nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment)
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24. Heredity Versus Environment
Both influence development
Researchers question how large a part each plays in development
Genes affect
biological factors
intellectual potential
environment a person seeks out
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25. Heredity Versus Environment
Behaviors involve multiple genes affected by a variety of environmental factors
No single gene determines behavior
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26. Heredity Versus Environment
Environmental factors include
family—often the greatest effect on development
Parenting techniques
Stimulating home environment
peers—influence increases in later childhood and adolescence
Offer equal status, unlike adult-child relationships
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27. Heredity Versus Environment
community—where a person lives can affect behavior and career expectations
Relationship with feelings of self-worth
Some offer more cultural opportunities
media—often blamed for social problems
Also depends on how a person interprets the message
Effects may not be immediately apparent
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28. Heredity Versus Environment
health—some diseases and illnesses interrupt normal development
Availability of health care is also a factor
nutrition and physical activity—can affect physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development

29. Which do you think has influenced your development more, heredity or environment?
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30. Behaviorist Theories
Behaviorism: behavior determined by forces in the environment beyond individuals’ control
People’s thoughts, feeling, and actions depend on experience rather than genetics or free will
Infants are “blank screens”

31. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning—behaviors are associated with responses
Pavlov rang bell when feeding dog
Eventually when Pavlov rang bell, dog salivated even if no food was given
Classical conditioning may occur without training

32. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning—people repeat behaviors that have positive results
Reinforcement should be removed gradually in unpredictable patterns
Negative reinforcement (punishment) reduces unwanted behaviors

33. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
People of all ages observe and imitate others’ behavior
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34. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Reactions to rewards and punishments are filtered by perceptions, thoughts, and motivation
Each person’s response is based on personal reactions and the way the individual processes information

35. Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
Four stages of cognitive development
At each stage, individuals incorporate what they learn into skills developed in previous stages
Children base their thinking on what they learn through their senses
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36. Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
Stage
Description
Infancy (Birth to age 2)
Sensorimotor
Learn through senses
Toddler (Ages 2 to 7)
Preoperational
Communicate through language
Early childhood (Ages 7 to 11)
Concrete operational
Think logically, solve problems
Adolescence and adulthood (Age 12 and up)
Formal operational
Think logically and abstractly, make predictions

37. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Children are social beings
Develop through interactions with parents, teachers, other students
Social interaction is critical to cognitive development

38. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Eight stages
At each stage, people face and must successfully resolve a psychological or social conflict
Unsuccessful resolution affects future stages of development
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39. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Stage/Age
Task
Infancy
Trust versus mistrust
Toddler
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Early childhood
Initiative versus guilt
Middle childhood
Industry versus inferiority
Adolescence
Identity versus role confusion
Young adulthood
Intimacy versus isolation
Middle adulthood
Generativity versus self-absorption
Older adulthood
Integrity versus despair

40. Which of Erikson’s stages have you already successfully completed
Which of Erikson’s stages have you already successfully completed? How do you know?
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41. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Everyone follows the same progression
Not everyone attains the highest level
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42. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Preconventional morality—depends on whether behavior will be punished or rewarded
Conventional morality—motivated by society’s laws and rules
Postconventional morality—decisions based on principles and motivated by integrity
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43. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Kohlberg observed only men and boys, no females
Researchers such as Carol Gilligan believe women use ideas such as caring as a factor in making moral decisions

44. Analyze how developmental theories impact teaching.
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45. Which Theory Is Correct?
Each theory is valid to some extent
Some theories may be more sound than others
Conflict between theories leads to more valid insights
Teachers can benefit from understanding several approaches and applying them in the classroom

46. Which theory discussed do you think would be most valuable to you as a teacher? Why?
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47. Principles of development help in understanding how people change throughout life
Researchers form developmental theories based on their observations and experiments
Teachers use these theories to help promote their students’ development

48. ____-____ skills depend on the development of small muscles.
Fine-motor
Name four basic principles of human development.
Development is relatively orderly; is a gradual, continual process; is interrelated; varies among individuals
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49. Which behaviorist developed a theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational