1. Life is Cellular

2. Robert Hooke: 1st used the term cell
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things of life
New cells come from existing cells

3. Types of Cells Prokaryotes: no nucleus Eukaryotes: nucleus
Nucleus: a large membrane enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA
Prokaryotes: no nucleus
Smaller and simpler
Move by gliding or swimming
bacteria
Eukaryotes: nucleus
Larger and complex
Plants, animals, fungi, and protist

4. Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Organelles: internal cell structures
Cytoplasm: area outside the nucleus

5. Nucleus: contains the cell’s DNA
Nuclear Envelope: nuclear membranes
pores for movement
Chromatin: DNA
Chromosomes: compact chromatin
Nucleolus: small dense region where ribosomes assembly

6. Other Organelles Rough ER: ribosomes on the surface
Ribosomes: small particle of RNA for protein assembly
Endoplasmic Reticulum: folded membrane
Rough ER: ribosomes on the surface
Synthesis of proteins
Smooth ER: no ribosomes on the surface
lipid synthesis & detoxification of drugs

7. More Organelles Golgi Apparatus: stack of membranes
Modify, sort, & package proteins for storage
Lysosomes: remove junk

8. Specialized Organelles
Mitochondria: 2 membranes
Inner membrane is folded up inside the organelle
converts chemical energy from food to energy form cells can use

9. Specialized Organelles
Plants
Vacuoles: storage area
Mainly plants
Chloroplasts: capture sunlight energy and convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis
Plants only

10. Structure
Cytoskeleton: network of protein filaments that helps maintain the cell’s shape
Microtubules: hollow structures that maintain the cells shape
Microfilaments: threadlike structures that make a flexible frame supporting the cell
Movement
Cilia: short hair-like projections
Flagellum: whip-like projections

11. The Diversity of Cellular Life

12. Types of Organisms Unicellular Organisms - a single-celled organism
grow, reproduce, respond to the environment, and transfer energy
there are a greater number of single-celled organisms than multi-cellular organisms

13. Types of Organisms
Multicellular Organisms - organism made of many cells
organisms depend on the communication and cooperation among specialized cell to function
Cell Specialization: cells throughout an organism develop in different ways for different tasks

14. Specialized Animal Cells
Red Blood Cells - transport oxygen
Pancreatic Cells - produce proteins
have ribosomes and rough ER
Muscle Cells - allow movement
muscle cells generate force by using a dramatically overdeveloped cytoskeleton

15. Specialized Plant Cells
Stomata: tiny opening on the underside of a leaf for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Guard Cells: regulate the exchange of the gases

16. Levels of Organization
Cell, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
Cells - first level of organization
Tissues - a group of similar cells
Muscle
Epithelial (Skin)
Nervous
Connective Tissue

17. Levels of Organization
Organs - groups of tissue
Each muscle in your body is an individual organ
Muscle Organs: muscle, nervous, and connective tissue

18. Organ Systems a group of organs work together to perform a function
Nervous System Respiratory System
Circulatory System Digestive System
Immune System Skeleton System