1. CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology: Manipulation of key biological systems, such as DNA encoding, synthesis of proteins and targeting antibodies with antigens
Bio-nanotechnology: Manipulation and exploitation of proteins (protein chemistry)
Biomolecular Nanotechnology: Extension of the above to include the most sophisticated application of biotechnology, nanofabrication, biophysics, etc…. To design useful structures at the nanoscale
Biomedical Nanotechnology: Application of nanotechnology to biomedical applications such as diagnosis, drug delivery, artificial tissues, and many others…
NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY: Application of nanotechnology to the above fields in ways which exploit phenomena that unique of the nanoscale. For example, using nanoscale systems (e.g., mechanical oscillators, quantum dots, plasmonic nanostructures, etc.) to build high-sensitivity biosensors, or using nanotechniques to manipulate biosystems (e.g., optical tweezers, nanofluidics, etc.)

2. Biological Immune System
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Biological Immune System
Natural molecular recognition: The immune system consist in a set of molecular recognition processes and tools which can be employed to create drugs, probes, diagnosis devices, and a long etc.

3. Biological Immune System
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Biological Immune System
Innate Immune System: It reacts immediately to a wide range of innately recognized foreign bodies with a rapid cascade of pre-established reactions.
Phagocytes (specialized white cells) which would digest any other cell which is “no-self”. Molecular recognition drives the attack. Antigen molecules are released and attach to recognizable repetitive molecular patterns characteristic of bacterial cells, which are then marked for “lunch”, while “self” cells are untouched.

4. Biological Immune System
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Biological Immune System
Adaptive Immune System: Responds to particular pathogens by generation of antibodies which bind to a specific pathogen. It requires incubation and is the basis of modern vaccines.

5. ANTIBODIES IN NANO-BIOSENSORS
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
ANTIBODIES IN NANO-BIOSENSORS
Antibodies are:
highly sensitive (a single molecule)
highly specific (recognize a particular shape, electronic bonding/pattern
Highly discriminating (distinguish btw very similar pathogens)

6. Nanoscale cantilevers as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscale cantilevers as biosensors

7. Nanoscale cantilevers as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Nanoscale cantilevers as biosensors
LINEAR RESONATOR
Change in resonant frequency
NON-LINEAR RESONATORS
(better – future)

8. Nanoscale microfluidic NEMS as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Nanoscale microfluidic NEMS as biosensors
(nanoelectromechanical systems)
Assembly of microfluidics-embedded nanocantilever arrays into functional microanalysis systems
The ability to perform multi-parameter testing on blood volumes of ~10µL or less in less than 20 minutes could revolutionize medical diagnostic lab work…

9. Nanoscale Quantum Dots as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Nanoscale Quantum Dots as biosensors
fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
Schematic of FRET-based probe for the detection of protease activity. (A) conventional FRET (B) QD-based FRET. D and A indicate energy donor and energy acceptor, respectively.

10. Nanoscale Quantum Dots as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Nanoscale Quantum Dots as biosensors
Selectivity allowed by resonant frequency of the QDs

11. Nanoscale Quantum Dots as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Nanoscale Quantum Dots as biosensors

12. Photonic devices as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Photonic devices as biosensors
To detect intact viruses by exploiting plasmonic nanohole arrays (PNAs), or arrays of nanoscale apertures on metallic films that transmit light more strongly at certain wavelengths.
When a live virus (blue) binds to an immobilized antibody (green) on the sensor surface, the effective refractive index in the close vicinity of the sensor changes, causing a detectable shift in the resonance frequency of the light transmitted through the nanoholes.

13. CNT devices as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
CNT devices as biosensors
DNA-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensor

14. Graphene devices as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Graphene devices as biosensors

15. Graphene devices as biosensors
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Graphene devices as biosensors
Oligonucleotides : Poly A (10nt), AAAAAAAAAA-Fluorosceine
Poly T (10nt), TTTTTTTTTT-Fluorosceine
Relation Grafene /Oligonucleotide 1:0.5
Two hours of constant agitation
Two washes
centrifuged 10 min at
13000 rpm
Grafene /Oligonucleotide
unreacted oligonucleotide
Bio compatible – goes through cell membranes -

16. MANIPULATION OF BIOMOLECULES
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
MANIPULATION OF BIOMOLECULES

17. CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
AFM

18. CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Optical tweezers

19. CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Optical tweezers

20. CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Dielectrophoresis
Dielectrophoresis is a phenomenon in which a force is exerted on a dielectric particle when it is subjected to a non-uniform electric field
To separate and isolate specific cells
Concentrate and amplify cell concentrations
Accurately measure indicators for different cells
Measure quantitative results based on cell differences
Oscillating non-uniform electric fields are applied locally (forming patterns in needed) and different cells move for particular frequencies (radio) due to their specific polarizability and geometry.

21. CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Dielectrophoresis
Dielectrophoresis is a phenomenon in which a force is exerted on a dielectric particle when it is subjected to a non-uniform electric field

22. Separation of cancer cells from blood
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Dielectrophoresis
Separation of cancer cells from blood

23. Concentrating bacteria for water analysis
CHAPTER 11: NANOBIOTEHCNOLOGY
Dielectrophoresis
Concentrating bacteria for water analysis
It helps when there are no many specimens in the solution, which is the case in many real situations, such as detecting bacteria in water…