1. Tuning of Loop Cache Architectures to Programs in Embedded System Design Susan Cotterell and Frank Vahid* Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, Riverside *Also with the Center for Embedded Computer Systems at UC Irvine This work was supported in part by the U.S. National Science Foundation and a U.S. Department of Education GAANN Fellowship

2. 2 Introduction Opportunity to tune the microprocessor architecture to the program Traditional Core Based microprocessor architecture

3. 3 Introduction I-cache –Size –Associativity –Replacement policy I$ JPEG –Compression Buses –Width –Bus invert/gray code JPEG

4. 4 Introduction Memory access can consume 50% of an embedded microprocessors system power –Caches tend to be power hungry M*CORE: unified cache consumes half of total power (Lee/Moyer/Arends 99) ARM920T: caches consume half of total power (Segars 01)

5. 5 Introduction Advantageous to focus on the instruction fetching subsystem Processor USB I$ D$ Bridge JPEGCCDPP4 Mem

6. 6 Introduction Techniques to reduce instruction fetch power –Program compression Compress only a subset of frequently used instructions (Benini 1999) Compress procedures in a small cache (Kirvoski 1997) Lookup table based (Lekatsas 2000) –Bus encoding Increment (Benini 1997) Bus-invert (Stan 1995) Binary/gray code (Mehta 1996)

7. 7 Introduction Techniques to reduce instruction fetch power (cont.) –Efficient cache design Small buffers: victim, non-temporal, speculative, and penalty to reduce miss rate (Bahar 1998) Memory array partitioning and variation in cache sizes (Ko 1995) –Tiny caches Filter cache (Kin/Gupta/Magione-Smith 1997) Dynamically loaded tagless loop cache (Lee/Moyer/Arends 1999) Preloaded tagless loop cache (Gordon-Ross/Cotterell/Vahid 2002)

8. 8 Cache Architectures – Filter Cache Small L0 direct mapped cache Utilizes standard tag comparison and miss logic Has low dynamic power –Short internal bitlines –Close to the microprocessor Performance penalty of 21% due to high miss rate (Kin 1997) Processor Filter cache (L0) L1 memory

9. 9 Cache Architectures – Dynamically Loaded Loop Cache Small tagless loop cache Alternative location to fetch instructions Dynamically fills the loop cache –Triggered by short backwards branch (sbb) instruction Flexible variation –Allows loops larger than the loop cache to be partially stored... add r1,2... sbb -5 Processor Dynamic loop cache L1 memory Mux Iteration 3 : fetch from loop cache Dynamic loop cache Iteration 1 : detect sbb instruction L1 memory Iteration 2 : fill loop cache Dynamic loop cache L1 memory

10. 10 Cache Architectures – Dynamically Loaded Loop Cache (cont.) Limitations –Does not support loops with control of flow changes (cofs) –cofs terminate loop cache filling and fetching –cofs include commonly found if-then-else statements... add r1,2 bne r1, r2, 3... sbb -5 Processor Dynamic loop cache L1 memory Mux Iteration 1 : detect sbb instruction L1 memory Iteration 3 : fill loop cache, terminate at cof Dynamic loop cache L1 memory Iteration 2 : fill loop cache, terminate at cof Dynamic loop cache L1 memory

11. 11 Processor Preloaded loop cache L1 memory Mux Cache Architectures – Preloaded Loop Cache Small tagless loop cache Alternative location to fetch instructions Loop cache filled at compile time and remains fixed –Supports loops with cof Fetch triggered by short backwards branch Start address variation –Fetch begins on first loop iteration... add r1,2 bne r1, r2, 3... sbb -5 Iteration 1 : detect sbb instruction L1 memory Iteration 2 : check to see if loop preloaded, if so fetch from cache Preloaded loop cache L1 memory

12. 12 Traditional Design Traditional Pre-fabricated IC –Typically optimized for best average case –Intended to run well across a variety of programs –Benchmark suite is used to determine which configuration On average, what is the best tiny cache configuration? Processor L1 memory Mux ?

13. 13 Evaluation Framework – Candidate Cache Configurations TypeSizeNumber of loops/ line size Configuration Original dynamically loaded loop cache 8-1024 entriesn/a1-8 Flexible dynamically loaded loop cache 8-1024 entriesn/a9-16 Preloaded loop cache (sa) 8-1024 entries2 - 3loop address registers 17-32 Preloaded loop cache (sbb) 8-1024 entries2 - 6 loop address registers 33-72 Filter cache8-1024 bytesline size of 8 to 64 bytes 73-106

14. 14 Evaluation Framework – Motorola's Powerstone Benchmarks BenchmarkLines of C# Instructions ExecutedDescription adpcm50163891Voice Encoding bcnt901938Bit Manipulation binary67816Binary Insertion blit9422845Graphics Application compress943138573Data Compression Program crc8437650Cyclic Redundancy Check des745122214Data Encryption Standard engine276410607Engine Controller fir17316211FIR Filtering g3fax6061128023Group Three Fax Decode jpeg5404594721JPEG Compression summin741909787Handwriting Recognition ucbqsort209219978U.C.B Quick Sort v425532442551Modem Encoding/Decoding

15. 15 Simplified Tool Chain Loop selector (preloaded) lcsim lc power calculator Loop cache stats Loop cache power Program instruction trace Technology info

16. 16 Best on Average originalflexiblepreloaded (sa)preloaded (sbb)filter Configuration 30 –Preloaded Loop cache (sa), 512 entries, 3 loop address registers –73% Instruction fetch energy savings 30 Configuration 105 –Filter cache, 1024 entries, line size 32 bytes –73% Instruction fetch energy savings 105

17. 17 Core Based Design –Know application –Opportunity to tune the architecture Is it worth tuning the architecture to the application or is the average case good enough? microprocessor architecture

18. 18 Best on Average Both configurations perform well for some benchmarks such as engine and summin However, both configurations perform below average for binary, v42, and others

19. 19 Results - binary Config 30 yields 61% savings Config 105 yields 65% savings Config 31 (preloaded/1024entry/2LAR) yields 79% savings originalflexiblepreloaded (sa)preloaded (sbb)filter 1053031

20. 20 Results – v42 Config 30 yields 58% savings Config 105 yields 23% savings Config 67 (preloaded/512entry/6LAR) yields 68% originalflexiblepreloaded (sa)preloaded (sbb)filter 1053067

21. 21 Results - averages Average case Best case : 84% Config 30 : 73% Config 105: 73% Improvement : 11% adpcm Best case : 68% (preloaded) Config 105: 25% Improvement : 43% v42 Best case : 68% (preloaded) Config 105: 23% Improvement : 45% blit Best case : 96% (flexible) Config 30: 87% Improvement : 9% jpeg Best case : 92% (filter) Config 30: 69% Improvement : 23%

22. 22 Conclusion and Future Work Shown benefits of tuning the tiny cache to a particular program –On average yields an additional 11% –Up to an additional 40% for some programs Environment automated but requires several hours to find best configuration –Current methodology is too slow –Faster method based on equations described in upcoming ICCAD 2002