1. The Politics of Persuasion
Logos, Pathos and Ethos in Media and Literature

2. Looking for Persuasive Strategies
Everyone is trying to convince you of something
Commercials
Advertisements
How you get your parents to give you something or allow you to do something
What techniques do people use to persuade an audience? Talk to your neighbor and fill in the following chart.

3. What is Rhetoric?
Rhetoric is the way we use words in __________ways to achieve a desired ________.
Rhetorical strategies are different methods of persuading an _________. They can be divided into three major categories: logos, __________, and ethos.

4. Logos (L is for Logic) Logos = Logic
Logos means appealing to the audience through the use of ___logic___ or ____reason_____. The author attempts to persuade the audience by appealing to their brains.
Ex. If we do not reduce our green house gas emissions by 35% the polar ice caps will melt.

5. Illustrating the ____________ or differences between two things.
Method
Definition
Example
Allusion
Mentioning someone/something from history, _________ or religion; usually the reference is to something with which most audiences would be familiar.
Michael Jackson was as significant to the development of music as Elvis Presley or The Beatles.
Analogy
A comparison that show similarities between otherwise _________ facts or ideas (often an exaggeration).
The effects of the polar ice caps melting would be more catastrophic than having another world war.
Comparison
Contrast
Illustrating the ____________ or differences between two things.
There are significantly more gun-related deaths in the US, where the right to bear arms is protected, than in England, where guns are strictly outlawed.
Facts & Figures
Statements that can be proven ______; some facts are in the form of statistics, or numerical information.
Of the garbage produced each year in the U.S., 42% is paper.

6. Pathos (P is for Pathetic)
Pathos = Pathetic (sad)
Pathos means appealing to the audience’s ___emotions___. The author uses these strategies to get to the audience’s hearts.
Ex. As you sit there chowing down on your cheeseburger and fries, children in Africa die every day from starvation. What will you do about it?

7. Method
Definition
Example
Anecdote
A short ________ used as an example to illustrate a point
The people from the town of Maplewood began recycling and were able to lower their taxes and become happier citizens.
Loaded Words
Words that have extremely positive or negative ______________.
You would have to be a social delinquent not to care about the environment.
Personal Experience
An example from ____________ that illustrates your main point
When I first began recycling in my home, I noticed that nearly half of my garbage could actually be recycled.
Repetition
Repeating a phrase or sentence for ____________ (The idea is that your audience will get the phrase stuck in their heads!)
We must change the way we act. We must change the way we think. We must change the way we live.
Rhetorical Question
A question asked for impact, not because an ____________ is expected.
How can we stand by and do nothing as our environment collapses?

8. What is Connotation?
Connotation refers to the positive and negative __feelings__ that we have/associate with words.
Ex. Young adult  positive, formal connotation
teenager  neutral connotation
punk  negative, casual connotation

9. Ethos (E is for Ethical)
Ethos = Ethical (trust)
Ethos means appealing to the audience’s sense of right and wrong. Part of this involves the author convincing the audience that he/she is worthy of ___trust____ and is an authority on the topic. The audience needs to believe the author knows ___what she’s talking about___!
Ex: Just like Martin Luther King Jr. once had a dream, I too have a dream for this country.

10. So let each of us today make a personal vow to start recycling.
Method
Definition
Example
Call to Action
A statement made inviting the audience to _________; this change can be in mind or can involve physical action
So let each of us today make a personal vow to start recycling.
Expert Opinions
Statements made by a recognized ___________ on a subject.
According to the Platt Institute for Local Self-Reliance, recycling actually costs less than traditional trash collection and disposal.
Quotations
Using someone else’s __________________ as evidence
Mahatma Gandhi once said, “You must be the change you wish to see in the word.”
Rebutting a Counterargument
_________________ an argument made by someone with the opposite point of view
While some argue that recycling is an added burden in our already busy lives, recycling should really be seen as a way of ensuring that future generations can enjoy the same quality of life that we do today.