1. Chapter 16
The Crisis of Union

2. APUSH PowerPoint #4.6 (Part 1 of 2)
Unit #5
Chapter 12
BFW Textbook
TOPIC – Sectional Conflict & Crisis
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3. I. Slavery in the Territories

4. A. Proposals Wilmot Proviso Calhoun’s Resolutions Popular Sovereignty
a. David Wilmot (Democratic- PA)
b. Pro-Texas as a slave state
c. Against the spread of slavery in new territories
d. Senate votes against it
Calhoun’s Resolutions
Popular Sovereignty

5. A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Calhoun’s Resolutions
a. John C. Calhoun had no apology for slavery
b. Violation of the Fifth’s Amendment (Cannot deprive someone of their life, liberty, or property

6. A. Proposals (Cont’d . . .) Popular Sovereignty
a. Supported by a new brand of moderates: Thomas Hart Benton (Missouri), Lewis Cass (Michigan), and Stephen A. Douglas (Illinois)
b. “Squatter Sovereignty”
c. Citizens in a territory used democratic principles to decide which way the territory would become

7. B. Oregon as Free State Support for Oregon as a Free State
Polk’s Endorsement

8. C. Election of 1848 Whigs & Taylor
a. The Wilmot Proviso fueled the debate over slavery in the 1848 Presidential Election.
b. Several factions united in support of the Wilmot Proviso.

9. C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-soil Coalition
a. Barnburners (New York antislavery supporters of Martin Van Buren).
b. Conscience Whigs (Massachusetts opponents of slavery who disapproved of Zachary Taylor).
c. Liberty Party (Organized in 1840)
d. Martin Van Buren (nominated by the Free-Soilers)

10. C. Election of 1848 (Cont’d . . . ) Free-Soil Party
a. Political formed in 1848 to pledge the end of the expansion of slavery.
b. Promised “free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.”
c. Nominated Martin Van Buren

11. Presidential Election of 1848
Results

12. Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849--1850 Party: Whig Home State:
Louisiana
Vice President:
Millard Fillmore

13. Zachary Taylor Domestic Opposed the Compromise of 1850
Nickname “Old Rough & Ready”
Second president to die in office (1850)
Foreign

14. D. California “Gold Rush”
a. Migration began the moment gold was discovered (January 24, 1848)
b. The mining frontier began and continued to grow as new concepts of mining were used to acquire gold

15. D. California (Cont’d . . .) Statehood
a. In 1849, California’s 80,000 residents drafted a state constitution and asked to be admitted as a “free” state.
b. California’s petition for statehood sparked more controversy in 1850.

16. II. The Compromise of 1850

17. A. The Context Controversies Participants a. Slavery in California?
b. President Taylor supported free-state status
c. Battle in Congress (pro- versus anti-slavery forces)
Participants

18. B. Initial Positions Clay’s Eight Proposals
a. Admit California as “free state”
b. Organize Utah and New Mexico as territories
c. Deny Texas claim to New Mexico’s territory
d. Pre-annexation Texas debts paid by Federals
e. Maintain legal slavery status in nation’s capital
f. Support federal “fugitive Slave Act”
g. Interstate slave trade should be denied to Congress

19. B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .)
Calhoun’s Reply (March 4, 1850)
a. Support of states’ rights (including new territories)
b. Return of fugitive slaves to the South
c. Equilibrium to the Senate
Webster’s Plea for Union
Seward’s Antislavery Reply
Comprehensive Bill

20. B. Initial Positions (Cont’d . . .)
The Great Debate of 1850

21. C. Reaching a Compromise
Fillmore Succeeds Taylor
a. President Zachary Taylor opposed the compromise, but died in the summer of 1850.
b. Vice-President Millard Fillmore supported the Compromise.

22. Millard Fillmore 13th President 1850--1853 Party: Whig Home State:
New York
Vice President:
None

23. Millard Fillmore Domestic
Second Vice President to become President following the death of Zachary Taylor
Supported the Compromise of 1850
Signed the Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
Foreign

24. C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)
Douglas’s Strategy
a. Illinois Senator who was nicknamed, “the Little Giant”
b. Helped support the Compromise in Congress which was broken into five distinct plans

25. C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)
Terms of Compromise
California was admitted as a free state.
Declared the unorganized western territories free.
Utah and New Mexico territories were able to decide the slave issue by popular sovereignty.
The Fugitive Slave Act would be passed with stricter laws.
The slave trade in Washington, D.C. was prohibited.

26. C. Reaching a Compromise (Cont’d . . .)
Compromise of 1850

27. D. Antislavery Reaction
Protests Against Fugitive Slave Law
a. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 struck a cord in the North as abolitionists attacked it morally.
Personal Liberty Laws
a. Northern states passed the “liberty” statutes to allow states to arrest slave catchers.
b. Abolitionists organized and violence broke out in the west and the border states.

28. D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Authored by Harriett Beecher Stowe.
The story portrayed the evils of slavery in the South.
The novel sold hundreds of thousands of copies both in the United States and Europe in the early 1850s.
The significance was an increase in abolitionist activity in the North and a flurry of anti-slavery rhetoric in Europe.

29. D. Antislavery Reaction (Cont’d . . .)
Harriett Beecher Stowe

30. E. Election of 1852 Candidates a. The Whig Party ran Winfield Scott.
b. The Democratic Party ran Franklin Pierce.
c. Whigs offered resistance to the Compromise of 1850, while Democrats continued its support.
d. Franklin Pierce won the election due to his Northern ties (home state of New Hampshire) and Southern support on the slave issue.

31. E. Election of 1852

32. 14th President 1853--1857 Franklin Pierce Party: Democratic
Home State:
New Hampshire
Vice President:
William Rufus King

33. Franklin Pierce Domestic
Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Sent troops into “Bleeding Kansas”
Foreign

34. III. Foreign Affairs

35. A. Ostend Manifesto Cuba a. Issues over Cuba (a colony of Spain)
b. Spain’s navy harassed American shipping
Ostend Manifesto
a. A statement by the Pierce Administration that if Spain refused to sell Cuba, then it would be taken by force
b. When news of the Manifesto reached the papers, it was quickly disavowed

36. B. Diplomacy in the Pacific
Opening of China
a. Missionary work
b. Opened for trade in 1858
Commodore Perry in Japan
a. Mathew Perry was sent in 1853 to open up trade in Japan
b. Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)