1. Rome: Beginnings of the Empire Phase

2. Caesar’s Reign Retained the gov’t, but Caesar had full power
Many Reforms; most notable calendar change
Counsel for life (did not name himself dictator)
Established a personal cult

3. Caesar’s death Appeared in the Senate Antony found out to late
60+ involved in the stabbing to death
“People of Rome we are once again free!”Brutus

4. Aftermath of Caesar’s death
Ironically destroyed the Republic
Middle and Lower class masses enraged
Left Octavian (nephew) as heir, Antony is perplexed
Antony battled Brutus, while Octavian maneuvered politically

5. 2nd Triumvirate forms
Octavian, Antony, and Leopidus (Head of Caesar’s cavalry)
Octavian controlled the west, Antony the east
Mistrust and jealousy between rulers

6. Background of Marc Antony
Loyal military commander of Caesar in Gaul
Related to Caesar
Supported Caesar continually in the war with Pompei
Liked extravagances in private and public life

7. Background of Octavian
Only 18 when uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated
Many surprised Caesar named him to be heir
Very politically astute

8. 2nd Triumvirate Breaks apart
Lepidus felt as a minor partner, tries to take Octavian's legions; fails
Antony very annoyed with Octavian
Octavian hand a strong hand over the western part of the empire
Antony fails in Parthia
War breaks out when 2nd triumvirate 5 year limit comes up

9. Antony and Cleopatra Cleopatra- Queen of Egypt (in alliance with Rome)
Antony married to Octavian’s sister has affair with Cleopatra
The two formed an alliance and break away parts of the eastern Roman Empire
Back in Rome; Antony has a bad name- giving Roman territory to foreign queen, and cheating on Octavia

10. Octavian vs. Antony
Octavian secured wide support from Romans in the west part of empire
Antony had Egypt and parts of the Middle East
Octavian won major victories
Antony/Cleopatra chased back to Egypt
Antony believe Cleopatra killed herself, so he killed himself
Cleopatra still alive (was hiding), Antony dies in her arms

11. Reign of Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
Made it look like the Senate was still in power
Things only get done with Augustus approval or he does things himself
Senate puts Augustus in full power- takes a lot titles, but stays away from monarch title

12. Reign of Augustus 2nd Part
-Great expansion of territory
-Sets up his family to retain power after he dies
-Considered the greatest Roman Emperor: his titles live on till today
(Kaisar, Tzar)

13. The Julio-Claudian Emperors

14. Julio- Claudian Emperors
Mixed Results: Tiberius and Claudius good leaders
Caligula and Nero- maniacs
Survived several attempts to restore the republic and challenges from different divisions in the army and family

15. The Five Good Emperors- Height of the Roman Empire
“If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would, without hesitation, name that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus” Edward Gibbon

16. Timeline

17. The Five Good Emperors
Emperors were chosen/adopted, and were intelligent and wise
Good relations with the Senate
Great public works projects
Safety in Rome and Empire, Secure trade routes