1. What is Nationalism Idea of Nation and State
Specific Identity
Sense of Belonging
Common symbols and icons
Feeling of Oneness and desire for one territory
Rise of Indian Nationalism
Credit goes to anti-colonial movement
Struggled together for freedom
Common oppressor: Bond tied different social groups
Contribution of Congress ( Gandhiji ) in Freedom Struggle
Different people troubled differently
Notion of freedom also differend
Gandhiji: Brought different social groups together
Isatyak Khan
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2. World War – I & India
Importance of Year 1919 in Indian Freedom Struggle
Struggle spread to new areas
New social groups joined the struggle
New modes of struggle developed
Impact of the World War – I on Freedom Struggle
Huge increase in DEFENCCE EXPENDITURE
Custom duty was Increased and Income Tax Introduced
How WW – I Troubled the Indian?
Prices almost doubled between 1913 – 1918
Forced Recruitment
Acute food shortage (crops failed) in and 1020 – 21
Influenza epidemic killed million people
British made some promises to India to get their cooperation but didn’t fulfilled them.
Isatyak Khan
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3. M.K. Gandhi: Idea of Satyagraha
Satyagraha: A Philosophy proposed by Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhiji successfully practiced it in South Africa
It emphasized on power of truth and search for it
Force is not necessary to fight if:
The cause of it is true
Struggle is against injustice
Expectation from a Satyagrahi:
Never resorts to violence
Never becomes aggressive
never seeks vengeance
Appeal is made to the conscience of the oppressor
People should be made to see the truth rather than force to accept it
Gandhi Belief: Truth always triumphs
Isatyak Khan
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4. Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment
1916: Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar
Farmers of Champaran were forced to grow Indigo on a part of land
Indigo cultivation was gainful for landlords but torture for tenants
Gandhi went to Champaran and did satyagraha
Result:
More compensation were given to farmers
Farmers were given control over farming
Cancellation of famine hike till famine is ended
Gandhiji was given titles of Mahatma
He was also lovingly call Bapu
Isatyak Khan
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5. Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment
2) : Kheda Satyagraha in Gujarat
Farmers had to pay taxes
Farmers were in trouble due to Crop failure and plague epidemic
Demand was to decrease taxes
Farmers didn’t pay taxes, their land and property confiscated
Farmers struggled using Non-violence and didn’t resist arrest
Result:
Confiscated land was returned to farmers
Amount of tax was reduced
Tax was suspended for current and next year
Isatyak Khan
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6. Trial of Satyagraha: An Experiment
3) : Satyagraha for Cotton Mill Workers in Ahmedabad s r D F
Result: C A T
Isatyak Khan
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7. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act
Why this Act
Passed to control activities of the Indian against the British
Why Indians hated the Act
Imperial Legislative Council passed it
Passed in spite strong opposition of Indian members
Clauses/Provisions of the Act:
Arrest on suspicion
Arrest without warrant
Detention for two years without trial
Imposed stricter control on press
Isatyak Khan
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8. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act
Rawlatt Satyagraha
Gandhiji decided to protest the act
He decided to use non-violent civil disobedience
It was the first large scale satryagrah
Began on 6th April 1919 with Hartal (strike)
Rallies were organized
Railway workshop workers went on strike
Shops closed down
Isatyak Khan
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9. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act
Rawlatt Satyagraha: Govt. Response
Govt. Fear: Disruption of Lines of Communication (railway, telegraph etc.)
Local leaders were asserted in Amritsar out of fear
Gandhiji was debarred front entering Delhi
Events of April 10, 1919 and onwards
Police fine on peaceful precession in Amritsar
Indian attacked govt. buildings in reaction
General Dyer was took command and imposed Martial Law in Amritsar
Martial law prohibits public gathering at any place till in force
Isatyak Khan
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10. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act
13th April 1919: Jallianwalla Bagh Incident
Location and Background
The infamous massacre took place in Amritsar, Punjab
Jallianwala Bagh was a ground with a wall Compound
Jallianwala Bagh had only one entrance gate
Martial Law was in force but people were gathered in bagh
Most of the people were not aware about the Martial Law
People came for morning walk
People from outstation came for Baisakhi fair
Some protesters came for protest
Isatyak Khan
https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

11. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act
General Dyer and Massacre
General Dyer blocked the entrance
Open fired without warning
Fire continued till the ammunition was not exhausted
Thousands of people died and another thousands were injured
His objective was the create “produce a moral effect”
He wanted to create terror and awe in the Indian minds
Isatyak Khan
https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com

12. The Rawlatt Act: The Black Act
Aftermath of the Jallianwala Massacre
Response of the Indians:
People crowded the streets of North India
Strikes were commonplace
Clash between people and police
Attacks on government buildings
Reply of the Government:
Practiced brutally repression to terrorize and humiliation
Satyagrahis had to rub nose on unground, crawl on streets, salam to sahibs
People were flogged
Some villages were bombed
Isatyak Khan
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13. After the Rawlatt Act Gandhiji learnt the lesson
Movement failed because limited to cities and towns only
New broad based movement was needed
Hindu-Muslim unity must for any mass movement
So, he collaborated with Khilafat Movement
KHILAFAT Movement (Leader: Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali)
King of Turkey was also Religious Leader (Khalifa) of Muslims in the world
It was to defend the religious authority of the King of Turkey
Turkey fought WW – l with Central Powers was lost
Muslims wanted to pressurize British not to humiliate their KHALIFA
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14. KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION: MERGER
HINDU – MUSLIM UNITY
Gandhiji’s wish: Hindu Muslim Unity
Ali Brothers approached Gandhiji
Gandhiji saw the opportunity to bring both community UMBRELLA OF UNIFIED NATIONAL MOVEMENT
September 1920, Nagpur Session of INC, Gandhi convinced Congress to launch Non-Cooperation Movement in support with Khilafat Movement
Isatyak Khan
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15. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT
Why Non-Cooperation Movement?
Gandhiji gave his theory of NON-COOPERATION through “Hind Swaraj” 1909
Reason for British Raj in India is Cooperation from Indians.
If India stop cooperation, British Rule would collapse just in a year
The Stages of the Movement
Stage 1: Surrender of degrees and titles awarded by the British
Stage 2: Boycott
Civil Services Army
Police Courts and legislative councils
Schools Foreign goods
Stage 3: Full Civil Disobedience if Govt used repressive measures
Isatyak Khan
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16. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT
Campaign for Non-Cooperation Movement
Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali toured extensively to mobilize public support
Role of Congress in the Movement
Two Views within the Congress
Supporters: They wanted to launch the movement
Reluctants: a. They didn’t want to council elections b. Movement may be violent.
Tussle was fierce
Congress on the verge of partition
Nagpur Session(1920): A compromise worked out
Non-Cooperation + Khilafat Movement began on
January 1921
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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17. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – TOWNS
Popular Involvement
Mostly middle classes form cities
Thousands of students left govt. schools and colleagues
Teachers and headmasters, too, resigned from jobs
Lawyers gave up legal practices
Council elections were elected in most of provinces
Exception: Justice Party, a non-Brahmin party, participated in elections
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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18. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – TOWNS
Impact on British Economy
Economically the highly disappointing for British
Foreign goods were boycotted
Liquor shops picketed
Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires
Import of English cloth declined
Value of imported cloth reduced from 102 to 57 cores ( )
Merchants and trades refused to trade foreign goods
Huge boost was recorded in production of India textile
Textile mills and handlooms emerged in India
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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19. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE
Awadh: Farmers’ Movement:
The Leader: Baba Ramchandra
A Sanyasi
Had been indentured labourer in Fiji
the movement was targeted against the Talukdars and Landlords: Why?
Demanded exorbitant high rents
Had to beg without payment
As tenant no security tenure
Regularly evicted, so no right over leased land
Demands
Reduction of Revenue b. Abolition of beggar
c. Social boycott of oppressive landlords
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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20. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE
Awadh: Farmers’ Movement:
Execution
Nai-dhobi band organized
By Panchayats
Objective to deprive oppressor from these services
Role of Nehru
In June 1920, toured Awadh and understood farmers problems
By October 1920, Set up Audh Kisan Sabha with Baba Ramchandra and others
300 branched of Audh Kisan Sabha within a month
Audh Kisan Sabha joined next year when Non-cooperation movement started
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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21. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – COUNTRYSIDE
Awadh: Farmers’ Movement: Congress Unhappy with????
Culmination of Awadh Movement of Farmers
Kind of movement developed that Gandhiji never accepted
Houses of Talukdars and merchants were attacked
Bazaars were looted
Grains hoard were taken over
Rumours were spread in Gandhiji’s name
Lie:
Gandhiji told tax not to be paid
land to be redistributed
Gandhiji’s name used to sanction all actions and aspirations
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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22. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region
Tribals of Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh
Participate but interpreted Swaraj in different way
Had been Militant Guerrilla Movement
Why Gudem tribals participated in the movement?
Large forest areas were closed
Grazing cattle were prohibited
Collecting firewood and fruits were prohibited
Felt not only lost livelihood but traditional rights
Immediate Cause of Revolt
Forced Begar for road construction
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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23. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region
Leadership of Gudem Hills Revolt
Alluri Sitaram Raju emerged as leader
Claimed to have magical powers
Could make correct astrological prediction
Heal people
Could survive the bullet shots
People belief: Incarnation of God
Raju-Strong supporter of Gandhi- His teachings
Proved greatness of Gandhiji
Persuaded to participate in non-cooperation and wear khadi
Asked people to refrain form evils like drinking and gambling
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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24. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – Tribal Region
Raju different from Gandhiji
Swaraj can be achieved only by force not by non-violence
Actions of Tribals of Gudem hills
Attacked police stations
Attempted to kill British officials
Carried on guerrilla warfare for swaraj
Arrested and executed in 1924
Later became a hero in folklore
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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25. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PLANTATION YouTube Channel: khansironline
Condition of Plantation Workers (Assam)
Workers were confined in plantations
Inland Immigration Act: Couldn’t move out of plantation without permission
Meaning of Swaraj for Plantation Workers
Freedom to move freely in and out of enclosed plantation
Permission to maintain link with their land and people
When heart of the Movement…
Defied the authorities → left plantation → headed homewards
Belief: Gandhi Raj → land for everyone in his village
End of Non-cooperation in Plantation
Due to Strike in Railway, they couldn’t reach home
Arrested and taken back to plantation like slaves
Isatyak Khan
https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com
Isatyak Khan
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26. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PHILOSOPHY OF SWARAJ
Congress didn’t define the vision of Swaraj
Different groups interpreted in different ways
Swaraj was seen as end of all of their troubles
Above all, even rural and tribal groups became the part of a National Movement for the first time
Isatyak Khan
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Isatyak Khan
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27. TOWARDS THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
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Isatyak Khan
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28. NON – COOERATION MOVEMENT – PHILOSOPHY OF SWARAJ
Background
Some Congress leaders fed up of mass movements
Govt. of India Act (1919) provisioned for provincial election
Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das wanted to participate in Provincial Elections
Wanted to oppose British policies from within
Argue for reform
Expose undemocratic nature of English assembly
Isatyak Khan
https//:khansirblog.wordpress.com
Isatyak Khan
YouTube Channel: khansironline